Stem cell treatment for patients with COVID-19-induced pneumonia
Keywords:
stem cells, cell therapy, Coronavirus, alveolar cell regenerationAbstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 or COVID-19 is caused by a novel virus from the Coronaviridae family. The genetic material of these viruses is similar to those of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 is officially named for these novel viruses. After entering the human body, SARS-CoV-2 attaches itself to the ACE2 receptor of the host cells by using their surface spike protein. It was found that the ACE2 receptor is highly expressed in the alveolar type 2 of the lungs. After infection, the immune system of the host responds to the SARS-CoV-2 by secreting a high amount of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines resulting in a cytokine storm condition. A cytokine storm can cause pulmonary edema, decreased oxygen exchange and the subsequent failure of respiratory system. Due to the pandemic of SARS-CoV-2, physicians and researchers are urgently searching for effective ways to control the spread of the virus and to treat the patients. The immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have gained a lot of attention from researchers, who have used MSCs for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome. The researchers discovered that cytokine storm conditions can be improved by the infusion of MSCs. Moreover, MSCs enable the stimulation of alveolar cell regeneration. This review focused on basic knowledge of SARS-CoV-2, MSCs and the current application of MSCs for the alleviation of the suffering of patients with COVID-19-induced severe acute respiratory syndrome.
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46. Jean SS, Lee PI, Hsueh PR. Treatment options for COVID-19: The reality and challenges. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2020;53:436-43.
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2. Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, et al. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature 2020;579:265-69.
3. Mitjà O, Clotet B. Use of antiviral drugs to reduce COVID-19 transmission. Lancet Glob Health 2020;8:e639-40.
4. Barnabas RV, Brown E, Bershteyn A, et al. Efficacy of hydroxychloroquine for postexposure prophylaxis to prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2) infection among adults exposed to coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials
2020;21:475.
5. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020;395:497-506.
6. Gorbalenya AE, Baker SC, Baric RS, et al. The species severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol 2020;5:536-44.
7. Sola I, Almazán F, Zúñiga S, et al. Continuous and Discontinuous RNA Synthesis in Coronaviruses. Annu Rev Virol 2015;2:265-88.
8. Fehr AR, Perlman S. Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis. Methods Mol Biol 2015;1282:1-23.
9. Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med 2020;8:475-81.
10. Liu P, Chen W, Chen JP. Viral Metagenomics Revealed Sendai Virus and Coronavirus Infection of Malayan Pangolins (Manis javanica). Viruses 2019;11:979.
11. Graham R, Donaldson E, Baric R. A decade after SARS: strategies for controlling emerging coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol 2013;11:836-48.
12. Peiris JS, Lai ST, Poon LL, et al. Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet 2003;361:1319-25.
13. Zhang JJ, Dong X, Cao YY, et al. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China. Allergy 2020;10.1111/all.14238.
14. Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. J Autoimmun 2020;109:102433.
15. Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell
2020;181:271-80.
16. Hamming I, Timens W, Bulthuis ML, et al. Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. J Pathol 2004;203:631-37.
17. Metcalfe SM. Mesenchymal stem cells and management of COVID-19 pneumonia. Med Drug Discov 2020;5:100019.
18. Nouri-Vaskeh M, Alizadeh L. Fecal transmission in COVID-19: A potential shedding route. J Med Virol 2020;10.1002/jmv.25816.
19. Li D, Jin M, Bao P, et al. Clinical characteristics and results of semen tests among men with Coronavirus Disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open 2020;3:e208292.
20. Channappanavar R, Fehr AR, Vijay R, et al. Dysregulated Type I interferon and inflammatory monocyte-macrophage responses cause lethal pneumonia in SARS-CoV-infected mice. Cell Host Microbe 2016;19:181-93.
21. García-Sastre A, Biron CA. Type 1 interferons and the virus-host relationship: a lesson in détente. Science 2006;312:879-82.
22. Channappanavar R, Fehr AR, Zheng J, et al. IFN-I response timing relative to virus replication determines MERS coronavirus infection outcomes. J Clin Invest
2019;129:3625-39.
23. Drosten C, Seilmaier M, Corman VM, et al. Clinical features and virological analysis of a case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. Lancet
Infect Dis 2013;13:745-51.
24. Jiang Y, Xu J, Zhou C, et al. Characterization of cytokine/chemokine profiles of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;171:850-57.
25. Reghunathan R, Jayapal M, Hsu LY, et al. Expression profile of immune response genes in patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. BMC Immunol 2005;6:2.
26. Chen L, Liu HG, Liu W, et al. Analysis of clinical features of 29 patients with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia. Chin J Tuberc Respir Dis 2020;43.
27. Chen L, Qu J, Cheng T, et al. Menstrual
blood-derived stem cells: toward
therapeutic mechanisms, novel strategies, and future perspectives in the treatment of diseases. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019;10:406.
28. Fuoco NL, de Oliveira RG, Marcelino MY,et al. Efficient isolation and proliferation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells in xeno-free conditions. Mol
Biol Rep 2020;47:2475-86.
29. Phermthai T, Odglun Y, Julavijitphong S, et al. A novel method to derive amniotic fluid stem cells for therapeutic purposes. BMC Cell Biol 2010;11:79.
30. Phermthai T, Tungprasertpol K, Julavijitphong S, et al. Successful derivation of xeno-free mesenchymal stem cell lines from endometrium of infertile women. Reprod Biol 2016;16:261-68.
31. Cai J, Weiss ML, Rao MS. In search of“stemness”. Exp Hematol 2004;32:585-98.
32. Heo JS, Choi Y, Kim H, et al. Comparison of molecular profiles of human mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, placenta and adipose tissue. Int J Mol Med 2016;37:115-25.
33. Dominici M, Le Blanc K, Mueller I, et al. Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement. Cytotherapy 2006;8:315-7.
34. Machado Cde V, Telles PD, Nascimento IL. Immunological characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter 2013;35:62-7.
35. Guo X, Bai Y, Zhang L, et al. Cardiomyocyte differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow: new regulators and its implications. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018;9:44.
36. Panta W, Imsoonthornruksa S, Yoisungnern T, et al. Enhanced hepatogenic differentiation of human Wharton’s Jellyderived mesenchymal stem cells by using three-step protocol. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:3016.
37. Pavathuparambil Abdul Manaph N, Sivanathan KN, Nitschke J, et al. An overview on small molecule-induced differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into beta cells for diabetic therapy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019;10:293.
38. Aggarwal S, Pittenger MF. Human mesenchymal stem cells modulate allogeneic immune cell responses. Blood 2005;105:1815-22.
39. Tse WT, Pendleton JD, Egalka MC, et al. Suppression of allogeneic T-cell proliferation by human marrow stromal cells: implications in transplantation. Transplantation 2003;75:389-97.
40. Asari S, Itakura S, Ferreri K, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells suppress B-cell terminal differentiation. Exp Hematol 2009;37:604-15.
41. Jiang W, Xu J. Immune modulation by mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Prolif 2020;53:e12712.
42. Deng R, Law AHY, Shen J, et al. Mini review: application of human mesenchymal stem cells in gene and stem cells therapy era. Curr Stem Cell Rep 2018;4:327-37.
43. Van Pham P. Mesenchymal stem cell in clinical applications. In: Van Pham P, editor. Stem cell processing. Springer; 2016. p. 37-69.
44. Leng Z, Zhu R, Hou W, et al. Transplantation of ACE2- Mesenchymal stem cells improves the outcome of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Aging Dis 2020;11:216-28.
45. Shetty AK. Mesenchymal stem cell infusion shows promise for Combating Coronavirus (COVID-19)- induced pneumonia. Aging Dis 2020;11:462-64.
46. Jean SS, Lee PI, Hsueh PR. Treatment options for COVID-19: The reality and challenges. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2020;53:436-43.
47. Baruah V, Bose S. Immunoinformaticsaided identification of T cell and B cell epitopes in the surface glycoprotein of 2019-nCoV. J Med Virol 2020;92:495-500.
48. Bhattacharya M, Sharma AR, Patra P, et al. Development of epitope-based peptide vaccine against novel coronavirus 2019 (SARS-COV-2): Immunoinformatics approach. J Med Virol 2020;92:618-31.
49. Golchin A, Farahany TZ, Khojasteh A, et al. The clinical trials of mesenchymal stem cell therapy in skin diseases: An update and concise review. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2019;14:22-33.
50. Chen J, Hu C, Chen L, et al. Clinical study of mesenchymal stem cell treating acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by epidemic Influenza A (H7N9) infection, a
hint for COVID-19 treatment. Engineering (Beijing) 2020;10.1016/j.eng.2020.02.006.
51. Zhao K, Liu Q. The clinical application of mesenchymal stromal cells in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. J Hematol Oncol 2016;9:46
52. Wang Y, Chen X, Cao W, et al. Plasticity of m e s e n c h y m a l s t e m c e l l s i n immunomodulation: pathological can therapeutic implications. Nat Immunol 2014;15:1009-16.
53. Yang Y, Shen C, Li J, et al. Exuberant elevation of IP-10, MCP-3 and IL-1ra during SAR-CoV-2 infection is associated with disease severity and fatal outcome. medRxiv 2020.03.02.20029975.
54. Liang B, JChen JH, Li T, et al. Clinical remission of a critically ill COVID-19 patient treated by human umbilical cord. chinaXiv 2020;10.12074/202002.00084.
55. Rajarshi K, Chatterjee A, Ray S. Combating COVID-19 with mesenchymal stem cell therapy. Biotechnol Rep (Amst) 2020;26:e00467.
56. Rules The Medical Council of Thailand Stem cell ค.ศ. 2009. Government Gazette Vol. 127 (dated 11 January 2010).
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Published
2021-08-31
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1.
Rungsiwiwut R. Stem cell treatment for patients with COVID-19-induced pneumonia. J Med Health Sci [Internet]. 2021 Aug. 31 [cited 2024 Nov. 6];28(2):155-68. Available from: https://he01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jmhs/article/view/251568
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