Prevalence and Associated Factors of Caries and Periodontal Diseases among Adolescents in Kunming: A Cross-sectional Study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31584/jhsmr.2022903Keywords:
adolescents, associated factors, dental caries, periodontal disease, oral healthAbstract
Objective: To investigate the prevalence of dental caries, and periodontal diseases among adolescents in urban high schools of Kunming and associated factors.
Material and Methods: This cross-sectional survey enrolled 560 adolescents (17.3±0.5 years old), with an equal gender ratio. Self-administered questionnaires obtained the sociodemographic and behavioral variables. All subjects were examined for their clinical parameters; including, Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT), the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) by two dentists. The correlations of explanatory variables with dental caries and periodontal disease outcomes were investigated using bivariate analysis; via chi-square and t-test. Multivariate regression analysis; including linear regression and logistic regression models, were investigated for related factors of dental caries and periodontal diseases.
Results: The prevalence of caries was 72.5%, with a mean DMFT of 3.70±3.65. The DMFT of females was higher than males (p-value<0.001); approximately 12.3% were periodontal healthy. The prevalence of gingivitis and periodontitis was 80.4% and 7.3%, respectively; with no statistical difference between genders (p-value=0.221). Multivariate regression analysis showed that the prevalence of dental caries and periodontal diseases were associated with females and fair/poor oral hygiene. Additionally, high sugar consumption was a significant risk predictor for dental caries (p-value=0.008).
Conclusion: The high prevalence of dental caries and periodontal disease in Kunming urban high school adolescents were associated with females and oral hygiene. Therefore, it is necessary for them to pay more attention to their oral health, and to focus on improving the efficiency of oral hygiene behavior.
References
Cheng ML, Xu MR, Xie YY, Gao XL, Wu HJ, Wang X, et al. Utilisation of oral health services and economic burden of oral diseases in China. Chin J Dent Res 2018;21:275-84.
Petersen PE, Bourgeois D, Ogawa H, Estupinan-Day S, Ndiaye C. The global burden of oral diseases and risks to oral health. Bull World Health Organ 2005;83:661-9.
Quan JK, Wang XZ, Sun XY, Yuan C, Liu XN, Wang X, et al. Permanent teeth caries status of 12- to 15-year-olds in China: Findings from the 4th national oral health survey. Chin J Dent Res 2018;21:181-93.
Chen X, Ye W, Zhan JY, Wang X, Tai BJ, Hu Y, et al. Periodontal status of Chinese adolescents: findings from the 4th national oral health survey. Chin J Dent Res 2018;21:195-203.
Chang PS, Huang CJ, Hsiang CL, Lai H, Tsai AI. Prevalence of dental caries and periodontal disease of high school students aged 15 to 18 years in Taiwan. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021;18:9967.
Zhan J, Zhang Y, Wang X, Tai B, Hu D, Lin H, et al. Related factors of periodontal health among Chinese middle school students, findings from a national cross-sectional survey. BMC Oral Health 2021;21:517.
Cumerlato C, Demarco FF, Barros AJD, Peres MA, Peres KG, Morales Cascaes A, et al. Reasons for direct restoration failure from childhood to adolescence: A birth cohort study. J Dent 2019;89:103183.
Woelber JP, Bienas H, Fabry G, Silbernagel W, Giesler M, Tennert C, et al. Oral hygiene-related self-efficacy as a predictor of oral hygiene behaviour: a prospective cohort study. J Clin Periodontol 2015;42:142-9.
Marcenes W, Kassebaum NJ, Bernabe E, Flaxman A, Naghavi M, Lopez A, et al. Global burden of oral conditions in 1990-2010: a systematic analysis J Dent Res 2013;92:592-7.
Petersen PE. World Health Organization global policy for improvement of oral health--World Health Assembly 2007. Int Dent J 2008;58:115-21.
Thomson WM, Broder HL. Oral-health-related quality of life in children and adolescents. Pediatr Clin North Am 2018;65:1073- 84.
Petersen PE, Baez RJ, World Health Organization. Oral health surveys: basic methods. 5th ed. Geneva: WHO Press; 2013.
Holtfreter B, Albandar JM, Dietrich T, Dye BA, Eaton KA, Eke PI, et al. Standards for reporting chronic periodontitis prevalence and severity in epidemiologic studies: proposed standards from the joint EU/USA periodontal epidemiology working group. J Clin Periodontol 2015;42:407-12.
Ainamo J, Bay I. Problems and proposals for recording gingivitis and plaque. Int Dent J 1975;25:229-35.
Papapanou PN, Sanz M, Buduneli N, Dietrich T, Feres M, Fine DH, et al. Periodontitis: consensus report of workgroup 2 of the 2017 world workshop on the classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions. J Clin Periodontol 2018;45(Suppl 20):S162-70.
Greene JC, Vermillion JR. The simplified oral hygiene index. J Am Dent Assoc 1964;68:7-13.
Wei SH, Lang NP. Periodontal epidemiological indices for children and adolescents: II. Evaluation of oral hygiene; III. Clinical applications. Pediatr Dent 1982;4:64-73.
Li J, Zhang K, Lu Z. Prevalence and factors contributing to dental caries in 12-15-year-old school adolescents in northeast China. BMJ Open 2021;11:e044758.
Du A, Zhang H, Chen C, Zhang F, Liu X, Zhang Z, et al. Oral health of 12-year-old children in Jilin province, China: a population-based epidemiological survey. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019;98:e18463.
Yin W, Yang YM, Chen H, Li X, Wang Z, Cheng L, et al. Oral health status in Sichuan province: findings from the oral health survey of Sichuan, 2015-2016. Int J Oral Sci 2017;9:10-5.
Cheng YH, Liao Y, Chen DY, Wang Y, Wu Y. Prevalence of dental caries and its association with body mass index among school-age children in Shenzhen, China. BMC Oral Health 2019;19:270.
Kassebaum NJ, Bernabe E, Dahiya M, Bhandari B, Murray CJ, Marcenes W. Global burden of untreated caries: a systematic review and metaregression. J Dent Res 2015;94:650-8.
Zhang M, Lan J, Zhang T, Sun W, Liu P, Wang Z. Oral health and caries/gingivitis-associated factors of adolescents aged 12-15 in Shandong province, China: a cross-sectional Oral Health Survey. BMC Oral Health 2021;21:288.
Lukacs JR, Largaespada LL. Explaining sex differences in dental caries prevalence: saliva, hormones, and "life-history" etiologies. Am J Hum Biol 2006;18:540-55.
de Jesus VC, Shikder R, Oryniak D, Mann K, Alamri A, Mittermuller B, et al. Sex-based diverse plaque microbiota in children with severe caries. J Dent Res 2020;99:703-12.
Albandar JM. Global risk factors and risk indicators for periodontal diseases. Periodontol 2000 2002;29:177-206.
Hørmand J, Frandsen A. Juvenile periodontitis. Localization of bone loss in relation to age, sex, and teeth. J Clin Periodontol 1979;6:407-16.
Ando Y, Ikeda N, Nishi N, Tano R, Iwasaki M, Miura H. Assessment of participation and its associated lifestyle factors in the 2016 National Survey of Dental Diseases: an analysis through record linkage with National Health and Nutrition Survey. Nihon Koshu Eisei Zasshi 2021;68:33-41.
Botero JE, Rosing CK, Duque A, Jaramillo A, Contreras A. Periodontal disease in children and adolescents of Latin America. Periodontol 2000 2015;67:34-57.
López R, Fernández O, Jara G, Baelum V. Epidemiology of clinical attachment loss in adolescents. J Periodontol 2001; 72:1666-74.
Ju X, Do L, Ha D, Jamieson L. Association of modifiable risk factors with dental caries among indigenous and non indigenous children in Australia. JAMA Netw Open 2019;2:e193466.
Suzuki S, Onose Y, Yoshino K, Takayanagi A, Kamijo H, Sugihara N. Factors associated with development of root caries in dentition without root caries experience in a 2-year cohort study in Japan. J Dent 2020;95:103304.
Albandar JM, Rams TE. Risk factors for periodontitis in children and young persons. Periodontol 2000 2002;29:207-22.
Albandar JM, Buischi YA, Mayer MP, Axelsson P. Long-term effect of two preventive programs on the incidence of plaque and gingivitis in adolescents. J Periodontol 1994;65:605-10.
Drummond BK, Brosnan MG, Leichter JW. Management of periodontal health in children: pediatric dentistry and periodontology interface. Periodontol 2000 2017;74:158-67.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
