Anxiety at First and Subsequent Pregnancies and Its Associated Factors: A Historical Cohort Study From Northeastern Thailand
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31584/jhsmr.201959Keywords:
antenatal anxiety, social support, financial stressor, unplanned pregnancyAbstract
Objective: To estimate and compare the prevalences of anxiety at first and subsequent pregnancies and explore its associated factors.
Material and Methods: The study was conducted among multiparous women aged <34 years admitted to the postpartum ward in a regional hospital in northeastern Thailand during April-September 2014. Information on levels of anxiety, social support, financial stressors, self-esteem and socio-demographic characteristics was collected. Anxiety at the first pregnancy and the most recent pregnancy were assessed. Factors associated with the anxiety were analyzed by multiple logistic regression.
Results: Of the 447 women enrolled in the study, 24.0% had experienced high-level anxiety when becoming aware of being pregnant for the first pregnancy which was associated with the pregnancy being unplanned, high financial stressors and low social support. Sixty percent of the women felt that the degree of anxiety in their current pregnancy was lower. Decreased anxiety was more likely to be found in women who changed employment status from unemployed to employed, those with increased social support, and those with decreased financial stressors, and less likely in women with increased financial stressors.
Conclusion: One-fourth of the women reported anxiety at their first pregnancy which decreased in subsequent pregnancies. Social support and financial stressors during pregnancy should be explored and strategies on how to improve these conditions at antenatal care services should be studied.
References
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30. Condon JT, Boyce P, Corkindale CJ. The first-time fathers study: a prospective study of the mental health and wellbeing of men during the transition to parenthood. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2004;38:56-64.
31. Dipietro JA, Costigan KA, Sipsma HL. Continuity in self-report measures of maternal anxiety, stress, and depressive symptoms from pregnancy through two years postpartum. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2008;29:115-24.
32. Gong X, Hao J, Tao F, Zhang J, Wang H, Xu R. Pregnancy loss and anxiety and depression during subsequent pregnancies: data from the C-ABC study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013;166:30-6.
2. Teixeira C, Figueiredo B, Conde A, Pacheco A, Costa R. Anxiety and depression during pregnancy in women and men. J Affect Disord 2009;119:142-8.
3. Ross LE, McLean LM. Anxiety disorders during pregnancy and the postpartum period: a systematic review. J Clin Psychiatry 2006;67:1285-98.
4. Ding XX, Wu YL, Xu SJ, Zhu RP, Jia XM, Zhang SF, et al. Maternal anxiety during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of
prospective cohort studies. J Affect Disord 2014;159:103-10.
5. Kurki T, Hiilesmaa V, Raitasalo R, Mattila H, Ylikorkala O. Depression and anxiety in early pregnancy and risk for preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 2000;95:487-90.
6. Martini J, Knappe S, Beesdo-Baum K, Lieb R, Wittchen HU. Anxiety disorders before birth and self-perceived distress during pregnancy: associations with maternal depression and obstetric, neonatal and early childhood outcomes. Early Hum Dev 2010;86:305-10.
7. Fadzil A, Balakrishnan K, Razali R, Sidi H, Malapan T, Japaraj RP, et al. Risk factors for depression and anxiety among pregnant women in Hospital Tuanku Bainun, Ipoh, Malaysia. Asia Pac Psychiatry 2013;5(Suppl 1):S7-13.
8. Faisal-Cury A, Rossi Menezes P. Prevalence of anxiety and depression during pregnancy in a private setting sample. Arch Womens Ment Health 2007;10:25-32.
9. Giardinelli L, Innocenti A, Benni L, Stefanini MC, Lino G, Lunardi C, et al. Depression and anxiety in perinatal period: prevalence and risk factors in an Italian sample. Arch Womens Ment Health 2012;15:21-30.
10. Piyasil V. Anxiety and depression in teenage mothers: a comparative study. J Med Assoc Thai 1998;81:125-9.
11. United Nations. The millennium development goals report 2012. New York: UN; 2012.
12. Madhavanprabhakaran GK, D’Souza MS, Nairy KS. Prevalence of pregnancy anxiety and associated factors. Int J Africa Nurs Sci 2015;3:1-7.
13. Biaggi A, Conroy S, Pawlby S, Pariante CM. Identifying the women at risk of antenatal anxiety and depression: a systematic review. J Affect Disord 2016;191:62-77.
14. Bodecs T, Szilagyi E, Cholnoky P, Sandor J, Gonda X, Rihmer Z, et al. Prevalence and psychosocial background of anxiety and depression emerging during the first trimester of pregnancy: data from a Hungarian population-based sample. Psychiatr Danub 2013;25:352-8.
15. Faisal-Cury A, Menezes P, Araya R, Zugaib M. Common mental disorders during pregnancy: prevalence and associated factors among low-income women in Sao Paulo, Brazil: depression and anxiety during pregnancy. Arch Womens Ment Health 2009;12:335-43.
16. Nasreen HE, Kabir ZN, Forsell Y, Edhborg M. Prevalence and associated factors of depressive and anxiety symptoms during pregnancy: a population-based study in rural Bangladesh. BMC Womens Health 2011;11:22.
17. Martini J, Petzoldt J, Einsle F, Beesdo-Baum K, Hofler M, Wittchen HU. Risk factors and course patterns of anxiety and depressive disorders during pregnancy and after delivery: a prospective longitudinal study. J Affect Disord 2015;175:385-95.
18. Woods-Giscombe CL, Lobel M, Crandell JL. The impact of miscarriage and parity on patterns of maternal distress in pregnancy. Res Nurs Health 2010;33:316-28.
19. Fertl KI, Bergner A, Beyer R, Klapp BF, Rauchfuss M. Levels and effects of different forms of anxiety during pregnancy after a prior miscarriage. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2009;142:23-9.
20. Bicking Kinsey C, Baptiste-Roberts K, Zhu J, Kjerulff KH. Effect of previous miscarriage on the maternal birth experience in the First Baby Study. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2013;42:442-50.
21. van Beljouw IM, Verhaak PF, Cuijpers P, van Marwijk HW, Penninx BW. The course of untreated anxiety and depression, and determinants of poor one-year outcome: a one-year cohort study. BMC Psychiatry 2010;10:86.
22. Figueiredo B, Pacheco A, Costa R. Depression during pregnancy and the postpartum period in adolescent and adult Portuguese mothers. Arch Womens Ment Health 2007;10:103-9.
23. Giardino J, Gonzalez A, Steiner M, Fleming AS. Effects of motherhood on physiological and subjective responses to infant cries in teenage mothers: a comparison with nonmothers and adult mothers. Horm Behav 2008;53:149-58.
24. Liabsuetrakul T, Vittayanont A, Pitanupong J. Clinical applications of anxiety, social support, stressors, and self-esteem measured during pregnancy and postpartum for screening postpartum depression in Thai women. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2007;33:333-40.
25. Rubertsson C, Hellstrom J, Cross M, Sydsjo G. Anxiety in early pregnancy: prevalence and contributing factors. Arch Womens Ment Health 2014;17:221-8.
26. Bayrampour H, McDonald S, Tough S. Risk factors of transient and persistent anxiety during pregnancy. Midwifery 2015;31:582-9.
27. Singh A, Singh A, Mahapatra B. The consequences of unintended pregnancy for maternal and child health in rural India: evidence from prospective data. Matern Child Health J 2013;17:493-500.
28. Hayatbakhsh MR, Najman JM, Khatun M, Al Mamun A, Bor W, Clavarino A. A longitudinal study of child mental health and problem behaviours at 14 years of age following unplanned pregnancy. Psychiatry Res 2011;185:200-4.
29. Karmaliani R, Asad N, Bann CM, Moss N, McClure EM, Pasha O, et al. Prevalence of anxiety, depression and associated factors among pregnant women of Hyderabad, Pakistan. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2009;55:414-24.
30. Condon JT, Boyce P, Corkindale CJ. The first-time fathers study: a prospective study of the mental health and wellbeing of men during the transition to parenthood. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2004;38:56-64.
31. Dipietro JA, Costigan KA, Sipsma HL. Continuity in self-report measures of maternal anxiety, stress, and depressive symptoms from pregnancy through two years postpartum. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2008;29:115-24.
32. Gong X, Hao J, Tao F, Zhang J, Wang H, Xu R. Pregnancy loss and anxiety and depression during subsequent pregnancies: data from the C-ABC study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013;166:30-6.
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Published
2019-08-16
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Butchon R, Liabsuetrakul T, Bumpenboon T, Teerawattananon Y. Anxiety at First and Subsequent Pregnancies and Its Associated Factors: A Historical Cohort Study From Northeastern Thailand. J Health Sci Med Res [Internet]. 2019 Aug. 16 [cited 2024 Apr. 19];37(4):259-68. Available from: https://he01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jhsmr/article/view/209375
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