Accuracy of two methods for measuring standing balance in children aged 7-12 years
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Published:
Sep 3, 2017
Keywords:
Accuracy assessment balance children
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Abstract
Background: Balance is importance for motor development and sport participations. Standardized assessments of balance are required so that more children could have easily access to testing.
Objectives: To test the accuracy of two standardized balance assessments including Pediatric Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction for Balance (P-CTSIB) and Balance Subtest of Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition (BOT-2) in Thai children.
Materials and methods: Research participants included 44 children aged between 7 and 12 years. All children received balance assessments by two physical therapists blinded to the study protocol. The first physical therapist tested the children with appropriate testing for each child and the second physical therapists tested the children with one leg standing and heel to toe standing. Result of the two physical therapists were used to identify whether each child has or has no balance problem. Then the children were evaluated using the standard protocols of P-CTSIB and Balance Subtest of BOT-2. Primary outcome of this study were the validity indexes of P-CTSIB and Balance subtest of BOT-2.
Results: P-CTSIB and Balance Subtest of BOT-2 showed the moderate to high levels of sensitivity (96%, 76%), specificity (89.50%, 63.20%) and accuracy (93.18%, 70.45%) when comparing to the clinical test of balance.
Conclusion: The two selected standardized tests could be used to test balance of children when fully access to physical therapy clinic is not possible. These two standardized tests have benefit in different ways. The P-CTSIB should be selected, if the assessor needs to identify the sensory interaction to balance, while the BOT-2 tests functional balance.
Article Details
How to Cite
Kunritt, J., & Lekskulchai, R. (2017). Accuracy of two methods for measuring standing balance in children aged 7-12 years. Journal of Associated Medical Sciences, 50(3), 576. Retrieved from https://he01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/bulletinAMS/article/view/84117
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Research Articles
Personal views expressed by the contributors in their articles are not necessarily those of the Journal of Associated Medical Sciences, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University.
References
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24. Chen Y, Garcia-Vergara S, Howard AM. Effect of a home-based virtual reality intervention for children with cerebral palsy using super pop VR evaluation metrics: a feasibility study. Rehabil Res Prac 2015; (2015).doi:http://dx.org/10.1155/2015/812348
25. Said EA, Ahmed MK, Mohamed ES. Role of vestibular testing in deciding treatment strategies for children with otitis media with effusion. EJENTAS 2015; 16(2): 151-9. doi:http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejenta.2015.05.003
26. Venetsanou F, Kambas A, Aggeloussis N, Serbezis V, Taxildaris K. Use of the bruininks-oseretsky test of motor proficiency for identifying children with motor impairment. Dev Med Child Neurol 2007; 49(11): 846-8. doi:10.111/j.1469-8749.2007.00846.x
27. Whyte MP, Madson KL, Phillips D, Reeves AL, McAlister WH, Yakimoski A, et al. Asfotase alfa therapy for children with hypophosphatasia. JCI Insight 2016; 1(9): e85971. doi:10.1172/jci.insight.85971.
28. Condon C, Cremin K. Static balance norms in children. Physiother Res Int 2014; 19(1): 1-7. doi:10.1002/pri.1549.
29. Panjan A, Sarabon N. Review of methods for the evaluation of human body balance. Sport Sci Rev 2010; 19(5-6): 131-63. doi:https://doi.org/10.2478/v10237-011-0036-5
30. Hile ES, Brach JS, Perera S, Wert DM, VanSwearingen JM, Studenski SA. Interpreting the need for initial support to perform tandem stance tests of balance. Phys Ther 2012; 92(10): 1316-28. doi:10.2522/ptj.20110283.
31. El-Kashlan HK, Shepard NT, Asher AM, Smith-Wheelock M, Telian SA. Evaluation of clinical measures of equilibrium. Laryngoscope 1998; 108(3): 311-9.
32. Cools W, Martelaer KD, Samaey C, Andries C. Movement skill assessment of typically developing preschool children: a review of seven movement skill assessment tools. J Sports Sci Med 2009; 8(2): 154-68.
33. Kunritt J, Lekskulchai R, Akamanon C. Stable movement strategy during balance testing in typically developing children. Queen Sri Savarindrindira & Prince Mahidol Adulyadej Commemoration Conference. Nakhonpathom: Mahidol University; 2012.
34. Bujang MA, Adnan TH. Requirements for minimum sample size for sensitivity and specificity snalysis. JCDR 2016; 10(10): YE01-YE6. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2016/18129.8744.
35. Forssberg H, Nashner LM. Ontogenetic development of postural control in man: adaptation to altered support and visual conditions during stance. J Neurosci 1982; 2(5): 545-52.
36. Horak FB, Nashner LM. Central programming of postural movements: adaptation to altered support-surface configurations. J Neurophysiol 1986; 55(6): 1369-81.
37. Kuo AD, Zajac FE. Human standing posture: multi-joint movement strategies based on biomechanical constraints. Prog Brain Res 1993; (97): 349-58.
38. Berghuis-Kelly D, Chenet K, Hansen F, Westcott S. Concurrent validity of the Pediatric Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction for Balance with the bruininks oseretsky test of motor proficiency and the chattecx balance system in children with balance dysfunction: 12. Pediatr Phys Ther 1997; 9(4): 197.
39. Wuang Y-P, Su C-Y. Reliability and responsiveness of the bruininks-oseretsky test of motor proficiency-second edition in children with intellectual disability. Res Dev Disabil 2009;3 0(5): 847-55. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2008.12.002.
2. Cherng RJ, Su FC, Chen JJ, Kuan TS. Performance of static standing balance in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy under altered sensory environments. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1999; 78(4): 336-43.
3. Sneha DD and Lata DP. Normative values of tandem and unipedal stance in school children. Int J Cur Rev 2014; 6(24): 24-30.
4. Lopes GHR, David AC, Lopes B, Maia EM, Carolino M, Castro OG, et al. Single leg stance balance in obes and non-obese children. XXIV Congress of the International Siciety of Biomechanics: Brazil; 2013.
5. Moraes AG, David AC, Lopes B, Maia EM, Carolino M, Castro OG, et al. Comparison of a single leg stance balance between children and adults. XXIV Congress of the International Siciety of Biomechanics: Brazil; 2013.
6. Zumbrunn T, MacWilliams BA, Johnson BA. Evaluation of a single leg stance balance test in children. Gait Posture 2011; 34(2): 174-7. doi:10.1016/j.gaitposture.2011.04.005.
7. Boudier-Reveret M, Mazer B, Feldman DE, Shrier I. Practice management of musculoskeletal injuries in active children. Br J Sports Med 2011; 45(14): 1137-43. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2009.071233.
8. Crowe TK, Deitz JC, Richardson PK, Atwater SW. Interrater reliability of the pediatric clinical test of sensory interaction for balance. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 1991; 10(4): 1-27. doi:http://dx.org/10.1080/j006v10n04_01.
9. Bruininks RH, Bruininks BD. BOT-2, Bruininks-oseretsky test of motor proficiency second edition. Minnesota: Pearson Assessments; 2005.
10. Shumway-Cook A, Horak FB. Assessing the influence of sensory interaction of balance. Phys Ther 1986; 66(10): 1548-50.
11. Goulet C, Furze J. Neuromuscular system: examination, evaluation, and diagnoses. Meeting the physical therapy needs of children. 2nd Ed. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Co.; 2013.
12. Kunritt J, Lekskulchai R, Akamanon C. Comparison of balance performance between children with cerebral palsy and typically developing children [Thesis]. Nakhonpathom: Mahidol University; 2013.
13. Lekskulchai R, Kadli S. Concurrent validity of the pediatric clinical test of sensory interaction for balance to quantify postural sway and movement strategies of children aged 7-12 years. J Med Assoc Thai 2015; 98(5): 36-41.
14. Pichetsin P. Standing balance in thai children measured by pediatric clinical test of sensory interaction for balance, single-limb stance and tandem walk [Thesis]. Nakhonpathom: Mahidol University; 2004.
15. Piek JP, Hands B, Licari MK. Assessment of motor functioning in the preschool period. Neuropsychol Rev 2012; 22(4): 402-13. doi:10.1007/s11065-012-9211-4.
16. Suttanon P. Comparison of balance performance between healthy thai aged 7-10 and 11-15 years measured by CTSIB. Thamasat Int J Sci Tech 2006; 11(2): 75-69.
17. Suttanon P, Akamanon C, Pichaiyongwongdee S. Comparison of balance performance between thai-boxers and healthy thai males aged 15-25 years [Thesis]. Nakhonpathom: Mahidol University; 2001.
18. Deitz JC, Kartin D, Kopp K. Review of the bruininks-oseretsky test of motor proficiency second edition (BOT-2). Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2007; 27(4): 87-102.
19. Lucas BR, Latimer J, Doney R, Ferreira ML, Adams R, Hawkes G, et al. The bruininks-oseretsky test of motor proficiency-short form is reliable in children living in remote australian aboriginal communities. BMC Pediatr 2013; 13(1): 1-12. doi:10.1186/1471-2431-13-135.
20. Mayson T. Evidence summary for pediatric rehabilitation professionals. Sunny Hill Health Centre for Children; 2007.
21. Hassan MM. Validity and reliability for the bruininks-oseretsky test of motor proficiency-short form as applied in the United Arab Emirates culture. Percept Mot Skills 2001; 92(1): 157-66. doi:10.2466/pms.2001.92.1.157.
22. Kambas A, Aggeloussis N. Construct validity of the bruininks-oseretsky test of motor proficiency-short form for a sample of greek preschool and primary school children. Percept Mot Skills 2006; 102(1): 65-72. doi:10.2466/pms.102.1.65-75.
23. Hands BP, Mcintyre F, Mcintyre F, Rigoli D. Comparing the BOT-2 and MAND for identifying young adults with motor impairment. JOC 2015; 5(32): 109.
24. Chen Y, Garcia-Vergara S, Howard AM. Effect of a home-based virtual reality intervention for children with cerebral palsy using super pop VR evaluation metrics: a feasibility study. Rehabil Res Prac 2015; (2015).doi:http://dx.org/10.1155/2015/812348
25. Said EA, Ahmed MK, Mohamed ES. Role of vestibular testing in deciding treatment strategies for children with otitis media with effusion. EJENTAS 2015; 16(2): 151-9. doi:http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejenta.2015.05.003
26. Venetsanou F, Kambas A, Aggeloussis N, Serbezis V, Taxildaris K. Use of the bruininks-oseretsky test of motor proficiency for identifying children with motor impairment. Dev Med Child Neurol 2007; 49(11): 846-8. doi:10.111/j.1469-8749.2007.00846.x
27. Whyte MP, Madson KL, Phillips D, Reeves AL, McAlister WH, Yakimoski A, et al. Asfotase alfa therapy for children with hypophosphatasia. JCI Insight 2016; 1(9): e85971. doi:10.1172/jci.insight.85971.
28. Condon C, Cremin K. Static balance norms in children. Physiother Res Int 2014; 19(1): 1-7. doi:10.1002/pri.1549.
29. Panjan A, Sarabon N. Review of methods for the evaluation of human body balance. Sport Sci Rev 2010; 19(5-6): 131-63. doi:https://doi.org/10.2478/v10237-011-0036-5
30. Hile ES, Brach JS, Perera S, Wert DM, VanSwearingen JM, Studenski SA. Interpreting the need for initial support to perform tandem stance tests of balance. Phys Ther 2012; 92(10): 1316-28. doi:10.2522/ptj.20110283.
31. El-Kashlan HK, Shepard NT, Asher AM, Smith-Wheelock M, Telian SA. Evaluation of clinical measures of equilibrium. Laryngoscope 1998; 108(3): 311-9.
32. Cools W, Martelaer KD, Samaey C, Andries C. Movement skill assessment of typically developing preschool children: a review of seven movement skill assessment tools. J Sports Sci Med 2009; 8(2): 154-68.
33. Kunritt J, Lekskulchai R, Akamanon C. Stable movement strategy during balance testing in typically developing children. Queen Sri Savarindrindira & Prince Mahidol Adulyadej Commemoration Conference. Nakhonpathom: Mahidol University; 2012.
34. Bujang MA, Adnan TH. Requirements for minimum sample size for sensitivity and specificity snalysis. JCDR 2016; 10(10): YE01-YE6. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2016/18129.8744.
35. Forssberg H, Nashner LM. Ontogenetic development of postural control in man: adaptation to altered support and visual conditions during stance. J Neurosci 1982; 2(5): 545-52.
36. Horak FB, Nashner LM. Central programming of postural movements: adaptation to altered support-surface configurations. J Neurophysiol 1986; 55(6): 1369-81.
37. Kuo AD, Zajac FE. Human standing posture: multi-joint movement strategies based on biomechanical constraints. Prog Brain Res 1993; (97): 349-58.
38. Berghuis-Kelly D, Chenet K, Hansen F, Westcott S. Concurrent validity of the Pediatric Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction for Balance with the bruininks oseretsky test of motor proficiency and the chattecx balance system in children with balance dysfunction: 12. Pediatr Phys Ther 1997; 9(4): 197.
39. Wuang Y-P, Su C-Y. Reliability and responsiveness of the bruininks-oseretsky test of motor proficiency-second edition in children with intellectual disability. Res Dev Disabil 2009;3 0(5): 847-55. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2008.12.002.