Correlation between high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I, lactate levels, and clinical outcomes in on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

Main Article Content

Phatiwat Chotimol
Jarun Sayasathid
Kanthachat Thatsakorn
Siraphop Thapmongkol
Kittisak Thawnashom

Abstract

Background: On-pump coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) causes myocardial damage and hypoperfusion. However, it is unknown how varied timings of combining serum high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) and lactate levels in on-pump CABG surgery would affect clinical outcomes.


Objectives: This study aims to evaluate serum hs-cTnI and lactate levels and their influence on postoperative clinical outcomes in patients with on-pump CABG.


Materials and methods: Eleven coronary artery disease (CAD) patients were included for on-pump CABG surgery. The biomarkers were collected at four stages of onpump CABG: before sternotomy (T0, pre-cardiopulmonary bypass (pre-CPB)), 5 minutes before aortic cross-clamp of CPB (T1, preaortic cross-clamp), after aortic cross-clamp (T2, postaortic cross-clamp), and 24 hrs post-surgery in an intensive care unit (T3, ICU at 24 hrs).


Results: Correlation analysis revealed that during the study period, average hs-cTnI is positively associated with lactate levels (r=0.775, p=0.005). However, 24 hours after surgery, lactate levels return more quickly than hs-cTnI levels. The average hs-cTnI and lactate levels were positively correlated with CPB time and aortic clamp time. Regarding clinical outcomes, average hs-cTnI, and lactate levels were positively associated with a length of ICU stay (r=0.717 and 0.612, p=0.013 and 0.045, respectively). However, only the lactate levels were associated with ventilator support time (r=0.674, p=0.023).


Conclusion: We demonstrated that hs-cTnI and lactate levels are important markers of myocardial injury in association with hypoperfusion during on-pump CABG, and it could be used to monitor the postoperative outcome.

Article Details

How to Cite
Chotimol, P., Sayasathid, J., Thatsakorn, K., Thapmongkol, S., & Thawnashom, K. (2023). Correlation between high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I, lactate levels, and clinical outcomes in on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Journal of Associated Medical Sciences, 57(1), 1–9. Retrieved from https://he01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/bulletinAMS/article/view/262764
Section
Research Articles

References

Diodato M, Chedrawy EG. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery: the past, present, and future of myocardial revascularisation. Surg Res Pract. 2014; 1: 1-6. doi: 10.1155/2014/726158.

Libby P, Theroux P. Pathophysiology of coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2005; 111(25): 3481-8. doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.537878.

Hawkes AL, Nowak M, Bidstrup B, Speare R. Outcomes of coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2006; 2(4): 477-84. doi: 10.2147/vhrm.2006.2.4.477.

De Hert S, Moerman A. Myocardial injury and protection related to cardiopulmonary bypass. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2015; 29(2): 137-49. doi: 10.1016/j.bpa.2015.03.002.

Ferguson TB. Ischemia/reperfusion injury in coronary artery bypass grafting: Time to revisit? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011; 141(1): 1-2. doi: 10.1016/j. jtcvs.2010.04.008.

Naik R, George G, Sathappan K. Hyperlactatemia in patients undergoing adult cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass: Causative factors and its effect on surgical outcome. Ann Card Anaesth. 2016; 19(4): 668-75. doi: 10.4103/0971-9784.191579.

Kushimoto S, Akaishi S, Sato T, et al. Lactate, a useful marker for disease mortality and severity but an unreliable marker of tissue hypoxia/hypoperfusion in critically ill patients. Acute Med Surg. 2016; 3(4): 293-7. doi: 10.1002/ams2.207.

Stephens EH, Epting CL, Backer CL, Wald EL. Hyperlactatemia: an update on postoperative lactate. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg. 2020; 11(3): 316- 24. doi: 10.1177/215013512090397.

Scolari FL, Schneider D, Fogazzi DV, Gus M, Rover MM, Bonatto MG, et al. Association between serum lactate levels and mortality in patients with cardiogenic shock receiving mechanical circulatory support: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2020; 20(1): 1-10. doi: 10.1186/s12872-020-01785-7.

Ryoo SM, Kim WY. Clinical applications of lactate testing in patients with sepsis and septic shock. J Emerg Crit Care Med. 2018; 2(2): 14. doi: 10.21037/jeccm.2018.01.13.

Ooi DS, Isotalo PA, Veinot JP. Correlation of antemortem serum creatine kinase, creatine kinase-MB, troponin I, and troponin T with cardiac pathology. Clin Chem. 2000; 46(3): 338-44. doi: 10.1093/clinchem/46.3.338.

Babuin L, Jaffe AS. Troponin: the biomarker of choice for the detection of cardiac injury. CMAJ. 2005; 173(10): 1191-202. doi: 10.1503/cmaj/051291.

Schmid J, Liesinger L, Birner-Gruenberger R, Stojakovic T, Scharnagl H, Dieplinger B, et al. Elevated cardiac troponin T in patients with skeletal myopathies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018; 71(14): 1540-9. doi: 10.1016/j. jacc.2018.01.070.

Sharma S, Jackson P, Makan J. Cardiac troponins. BMJ Publishing Group; 2004. p. 1025-6. doi: 10.1136/ jcp.2003.015420.

Garg P, Morris P, Fazlanie AL, Vijayan S, Dancso B, Dastidar AG, et al. Cardiac biomarkers of acute coronary syndrome: from history to high-sensitivity cardiac troponin. Intern Emerg Med. 2017; 12: 147-55. doi: 10.1007/s11739-017-1612-1.

Shah AS, Anand A, Strachan FE, et al. High-sensitivity troponin in the evaluation of patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome: a stepped-wedge, clusterrandomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2018; 392: 919-28. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31923-8.

O’Carroll-Kuehn BU, Meeran H. Management of coagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass. Cont Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain. 2007(6); 7: 195-8. doi.org/10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkm03.

Wahba A, Milojevic M, Boer C, et al. 2019 EACTS/ EACTA/EBCP guidelines on cardiopulmonary bypass in adult cardiac surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2020; 57(2): 210-51. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezz267.

Neumann FJ, Sousa-Uva M, Ahlsson A, et al. 2018 ESC/ EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Eur Heart J. 2019; 40: 87-165. doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy394.

Greenson N, Macoviak J, Krishnaswamy P,et al. Usefulness of cardiac troponin I in patients undergoing open heart surgery. Am Heart J. 2001; 141(3): 447-55. doi: 10.1067/mhj.2001.113071.

Domanski MJ, Mahaffey K, Hasselblad V, et al. Association of myocardial enzyme elevation and survival following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Jama. 2011; 305(6): 585-91. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.99.

Thygesen K, Alper JS, Jaffe AS, et al. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018; 72: 2231-64. doi: 10.1016/j. jacc.2018.08.1038.

Piper HM, Meuter K, Schäfer C. Cellular mechanisms of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Ann Thorac Surg. 2013; 75(2): S644-8. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(02)04686-6.

Januzzi Jr JL. Troponin testing after cardiac surgery. 2009; 1(3): 22-32.

Chauin A. The Main Causes and Mechanisms of Increase in Cardiac Troponin Concentrations Other Than Acute Myocardial Infarction (Part 1): Physical Exertion, Inflammatory Heart Disease, Pulmonary Embolism, Renal Failure, Sepsis. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2021; 17: 601-17. doi: 10.2147/VHRM.S327661.

Bakker J, Coffernils M, Leon M, et al. Blood lactate levels are superior to oxygen-derived variables in predicting outcome in human septic shock. Chest. 1991; 99(4): 956-62. doi: 10.1378/chest.99.4.956.

Lee YS, Kim WY, Yoo JW, et al. Correlation between regional tissue perfusion saturation and lactate level during cardiopulmonary bypass. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2018; 71(5): 361-7. doi: 10.4097/kja.d.17.00002.

Mitchell SC, Vinnakota A, Deo SV, et al. Relationship between intraoperative serum lactate and hemoglobin levels on postoperative renal function in patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery. J Card Surg. 2018; 33(6): 316-21. doi: 10.1111/jocs.13713.

Wahba A, Milojevic M, Boer C, et al. 2019 EACTS/ EACTA/EBCP guidelines on cardiopulmonary bypass in adult cardiac surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2020; 57(2): 210-51. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezz267.

Ferraris VA, Ferraris SP, Saha SP, et al. Perioperative blood transfusion and blood conservation in cardiac

surgery: the Society of Thoracic Surgeons and The Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists clinical practice guideline. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007; 83: S27-S86. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2007.02.099.

Gaynor JW. Use of ultrafiltration during and after cardiopulmonary bypass in children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2001; 122(2): 209-11. doi: 10.1067/mtc.2001.115925.

Minton J, Sidebotham DA, Hyperlactatemia and cardiac surgery. J Extra Corpor Technol. 2017; 49(1): 7-15.

Ranucci M, De Toffol B, Isgrò G, et al. Hyperlactatemia during cardiopulmonary bypass: determinants and impact on postoperative outcome. Crit Care. 2006; 10(6): 1-9. doi: 10.1186/cc5113.

Alam SR, Stirrat C, Spath N, et al. Myocardial inflammation, injury and infarction during on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2017; 12: 1-10. doi.org/10.1186/s13019-017- 0681-6.

Levraut J, Ciebiera JP, Jambou P, et al. Effect of continuous venovenous hemofiltration with dialysis on lactate clearance in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 1997; 25(1): 58-62. doi: 10.1097/00003246-199701000-00013.

Rabie Soliman EF, Belghith M, Abdelmageed T. Conventional hemofiltration during cardiopulmonary bypass increases the serum lactate level in adult cardiac surgery. Ann Card Anaesth. 2016; 19(1): 45- 51. doi: 10.4103/0971-9784.173019.

Li Y, Li Y, Hu Q, et al. Association of early elevated cardiac troponin I concentration and longitudinal change after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting and adverse events: a prospective cohort study. J Thorac Dis. 2020; 12(11): 6542-51. doi: 10.21037/jtd-20-1691.

Tevaearai Stahel HT, Do PD, Klaus JB, et al. Clinical relevance of troponin T profile following cardiac surgery. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2018; 5: 182. doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2018.00182.