Comparative active compounds and antioxidant activity between the sweet- and sour-type star fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) In Vitro
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Star fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) is seasonal and originates from many Southeast Asia countries, including Thailand. Previous evidence claimed that it has various antioxidative compounds such as phenolics, saponins, flavonoid C-glycosides, tannin and L-ascorbic acid. In Thailand, the sweet-type of star fruit (SF) is cultivated and marketed more than the sour-type, but their different antioxidant and active compounds between both types have not been investigated.
Objectives: This study aimed to compare the active compounds and anti-oxidant activity between sweet- and sour-type SF in vitro.
Materials and methods: Active compounds such as total phenolic compound, total flavonoids and L-ascorbic acid in extracts were evaluated between sweet- and sour-type SF crude extracts by using Folin-Ciocalteau reagent, aluminum chloride colorimetric assay and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Antioxidant activity on scavenging radicals such as the 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS•+) cation and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) cation and nitric oxide (NO) was analyzed. Moreover, the protective activity of glutathione (GSH) oxidation from free radicals generated by high voltage (HV)-stimulation in a mixture of plasma micro/nanobubble water; the same as that of protein oxidation in bovine serum albumin (BSA) and malondialdehyde (MDA) from 2,2’-Azobic (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), was evaluated in vitro.
Results: Sour-type SF extract at 1 gm showed higher total phenolics (1,625±2.3 µg equivalent gallic acid [GAE]), total flavonoid (245±3.6 µg equivalent quercetin), and ascorbic acid (Vit C) (565±4.5 µg) than sweet-type (520±3.5 µg GAE, 187±2.5 µg, and 513±2.6 µg). In addition, sour-type SF showed a lower dose of inhibitory concentration of 50% (IC50) than sweet-type on scavenging DPPH (32.32±2.3 & 58.9±2.4 mg) and NO (23.1 ± 1.1 mg & undetected). However, IC50 on ABTS•+ scavenging of sweet-type was lower than that of sour-type (348.8±2.5 & 511.9±2.6 mg). Sweet-type showed protective effects with a dose response at 0.25-1.0 mg of extract, 125-500 µg of protein carbonyl and 62.5-500 µg of lipid peroxidation. However, sour-type at high doses showed pro-oxidant activity on increased GSH oxidation, protein carbonyl and MDA formation.
Conclusion: Sour-type SF showed higher active antioxidants, such as total phenolics, total flavonoids and Vit C as well as radical scavenging of DPPH and NO, than sweet-type SF. However, high concentrations aggravated GSH, protein and lipid oxidation. Whereas, sweet-type SF showed beneficial protective effects.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Personal views expressed by the contributors in their articles are not necessarily those of the Journal of Associated Medical Sciences, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University.
References
Lim Y, Lim TT, Tee JJ. Antioxidant properties of several tropical fruits: A comparative study. Food Chem. 2007; 103(3): 1003-8.
Manda H, Vyas K, Pandya A, Singhal G. A complete review on: Averrhoa carambola. World J Pharm Pharmaceu Sci. 2012; 1(1): 17-33.
O’Hare TJ. Postharvest physiology and storage of carambola (star fruit): a review. Postharvest Biol Technol. 1993; 2(4): 257-67.
Thomas S, Patil DA, Patil AG, Chandra N. Pharmacognostic evaluation and physiochemical analysis of Averrhoa carambola L. fruit. J Herb Med Toxicol. 2008; 2: 51-4.
Yang D, Xie H, Jia X, Wei X. Flavonoid C-glycosides from star fruit and their antioxidant activity. J Funct Foods. 2015; 16: 204-10.
Shui G, Leong LP. Analysis of polyphenolic antioxidants in star fruit using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 2004; 1022(1-2): 67-75.
Dasgupta P, Chakraborty P, Bala NN. Averrhoa Carambola: An Updated Review. Inter J Phar Resear Rev. 2013; 2(7): 54-63.
Leelarungrayub J, Yankai A, Pinkaew D, Puntumetakul R, Laskin JJ, Bloomer RJ. A preliminary study on the effects of star fruit consumption on antioxidant and lipid status in elderly Thai individuals. Clin Interv Aging. 2016; 11: 1183-92.
Pothasak Y, Singhatong S, Natakankitkul S, Dechusupa N, Wanachantararak P, Dechthummarong C, et al. Active compounds, free radical scavenging and tumor-necrosis factor (TNF-α) inhibitory activities of star fruit-sweet type (Averrhoa carambola L.) in vitro. JAMS. 2020; 53(1): 19-23.
Pothasak Y, Leelarungrayub J, Natakankitkul S, Singhatong S. Prototype Star Fruit-Honey Product and Effectiveness on Antioxidants, Inflammation and Walking Distance in Participants with Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Pharmacogn J. 2020; 12(5): 1121-34.
Singleton VL, Rossi JA Jr. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-Phosphotungstic acid reagents. Am J Enol Vitic. 1965; 16: 144-58.
Sembiring EN, Elya B, Sauriasari R. Phytochemical screening, total flavonoid and total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of different parts of Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. Pharmacogn J. 2018; 10(1): 123-7.
Chen P, Atkinson R, Wolf WR. Single-laboratory validation of a high-performance liquid chromatographic-diode array detector-fluorescence detector/mass spectrometric method for simultaneous determination of water-solution vitamins in multivitamin dietary tables. J AOAC Int. 2009; 92(2): 680-7.
Thitilertdecha N, Teerawutgulraq A, Kilburn JD, Rakariyatham N. Identification of major phenolic compounds from Nephelium lappaceum L. and their antioxidant activities. Molecules. 2010; 15(3): 1453-65.
Miller NJ, Rice-Evans C, Davies MJ, Gopinathan V, Milner A. A novel method for measuring antioxidant capacity and its application to monitoring the antioxidant status in premature neonates. Clin Sci. 1993; 84(4): 407-12.
Chakraborthy GS. Free radical scavenging activity of Costus speciosus leaves. Indian J Pharm Educ Res. 2009; 43: 96-8.
Dechthummarong C. Characterizations of electrical discharge plasma in air micro/nano-bubbles water mixture. Inter J Plasm Environ Sci Technol. 2019; 12: 64-8.
Wenjuan B, Xuehong S, Junwen S, Xiangli Y. Nitrogen fixation into water by pulsed high-voltage discharge. IEEE Trans on Plasma Sci. 2009; 37(1): 211-8.
Lushchak VI. Glutathione homeostasis and functions: potential targets for medical interventions. J Amino Acids [Internet]. 2012 Feb [cited 2022 Jan 19];2012: Article ID 736837. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jaa/2012/736837/ DOI: 10.1155/2012/736837.
Leelarungrayub J, Laskin JJ, Bloomer RJ, Pinkaew D. Consumption of star fruit juice on pro-inflammatory markers and walking distance in the community dwelling elderly. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2016; 64: 6-12.
Mayo JC, Tan DX, Sainz RM, Natarajan M, Lopez-Burillo S, Reiter RJ. Protection against oxidative protein damage induced by metal-catalyzed reaction or alkylperoxyl radicals: comparative effects of melatonin and other antioxidants. Biochim et Biophys Acta. 2003; 1620(1): 139-50.
Reznick AZ, Packer L, Oxidative damage to proteins: spectrophotometric method for carbonyl assay. Methods Enzymol. 1994; 233: 357-63.
Leelarungrayub N, Chanarat N, Rattanapanone V. Potential Activity of Thai Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) Extract on the Prevention of Hemolysis and Glutathione Depletion in Human Erythrocyte from Oxidative Stress. CMU Journal. 2004; 3(3): 225-34.
Yang HL, Korivi M, Lin MK, Chang HCW, Wu CR, Lee MS, et al. Antihemolytic and antioxidant properties of pearl powder against-2,2’-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride-induced hemolysis and oxidative damage to erythrocyte membrane lipids and proteins. J Food Drug Anal. 2017; 25(4): 898-907.
Chirico S. HPLC determination of malondialdehyde (MDA) in plasma samples. Methods Enzymol. 1994; 233: 314-8.
Prakash A. Antioxidant activity. Med Lab Anal Prog. 2001; 19(2): 1-6.
Prior RL, Wu X, Schaich K. Standardized methods for the determination of antioxidant capacity and phenolics in foods and dietary supplements. J Agric Food Chem. 2005;53(10): 4290-302.
Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, Rice-Evans C. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radic Bio Med. 1999; 26(9-12): 1231-7.
Dong JW, Cai L, Xing Y, Yu J, Ding ZT. Re-evaluation of ABTS˚+ assay for total antioxidant capacity of natural products. Nat Prod Commun. 2015; 10(12): 2169-72.
Marino T, Galano A, Russo N. Radical scavenging ability of gallic acid toward OH and OOH radicals, reaction mechanism and rate constants from the density functional theory. J Phys Chem. 2014; 118(35): 10380-9.
Mustafa RA, Hamid AA, Mohamed S, Bakar FA. Total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and radical scavenging activity of 21 selected tropical plants. J Food Sci. 2010; 75(1): C28-35.
Jia X, Yang D, Xie H, Jiang Y, Wei X. Non-flavonoid phenlics from Averrhoa carambola fresh fruit. J Func Food. 2017; 32: 419-25.
Putchala MC, Ramani P, Sherlin HJ, Premkumar P, Natesan A. Ascorbic acid and its pro-oxidant activity as a therapy for tumor of oral cavity – a systematic review. Arch Oral Biol. 2013; 58(6): 563-74.
Saeki R, Yasuoka K. Generation of hydrogen peroxide in gas bubbles using pulsed plasm for advanced oxidation processes. IEEE Trans on Plasma Sci. 2015; 43(10): 3440-4.
Locke BR, Thagard SM. Analysis and review of chemical reactions and transport processes in pulsed electrical discharge plasma formed directly in liquid water. Plasma Chem Plasma Process. 2012; 32: 875-917.
Locke BR, Shih KY. Review of the methods to form hydrogen peroxide in electrical discharge plasma with liquid water. Plasma Sources Sci Technol. 2011; 20: 034006.
Pavlovic V, Cekic S, Rankovic G, Stoiljkovic N. Antioxidant and pro-oxidant effect of ascorbic acid. Acta Medica Medianae. 2005; 44(1): 65-8.
Soumya R, Vani R. Vitamin C as a modulator of oxidative stress in erythrocytes of stored blood. Acta Haematol Polon. 2017; 48(4): 350-6.
Cao G, Sofic E, Prior RL. Antioxidant and prooxidant behavior of flavonoids: structure-activity relationships. Free Radic Biol Med. 1997; 22(5): 749-60.