Associations between urinary excretion of cadmium with alpha-1 microglobulin and microalbuminuria: a cross-sectional study in northwestern Thai population
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Abstract
Background: In Thailand, a high Cadmium (Cd) levels were observed in the northwestern population, especially in Mae Sot District, Tak Province. However, the association between urinary cadmium level and changes in renal biomarkers after long-term expose has not been studied, especially in case of low-level Cd exposures.
Objectives: The main focus of this study was to investigate the associations between urinary cadmium levels and renal biomarkers in the northwestern Thai population.
Materials and methods: A total of 817 persons (males=309, females=508) living in Cd-polluted area of Mae Sot district were participated in this study. The urinary cadmium level was analyzed using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). Two renal biochemical markers were selected, namely urinary alpha-1-microglobulin and microalbuminuria.
Results and Conclusion: The geometric mean concentration for urinary cadmium was 3.67(±3.08) µg/gm creatinine and 4.83(±3.82) µg/gm creatinine in adult males and females, respectively. Based on correlation analysis, the urinary cadmium level was positively correlated with age, years of residence, microalbuminuria and urinary alpha-1 microglobulin in both male and female. While a significant inverse correlation was found between the urinary cadmium level and BMI. Linear regression analysis yielded that alpha-1-microglobulin and microalbuminuria were significantly increased with increasing of urinary cadmium levels. Interestingly, the prevalence of increased alpha-1 microglobulin was higher than the prevalence of increased microalbuminuria in subjects with low urinary cadmium levels. The findings of this study indicate that urinary alpha-1 microglobulin showed a best of biomarker for monitoring the low-level of Cd exposure in both populations.
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