Active compounds, free radicals scavenging and tumor-necrosis factor (TNF-α) inhibitory activities of star fruit-sweet type (Averrhoa carambola L.) in vitro
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Abstract
Background: Star fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) is a seasonal fruit that originated in Southeast Asia, including Thailand. There are two distinct types; sour and sweet, with various active compounds such as saponins, flavonoid C-glycosides, tannin, L-ascorbic acid, (-) epicatechin and gallic acid. However, the active compounds, especially total phenolic compound of star fruit-sweet type, have not been fully investigated.
Objectives: Thus, this study aimed to investigate the active compounds, radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory activity of star fruit-sweet type in vitro.
Materials and methods: Total phenolic compound, total flavonoids and L-ascorbic acid in extract were evaluated by Folin-Ciocalteau reagent, aluminum chloride colorimetric assay and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Radical scavenging activity on 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) cation radicles and nitric oxide (NO), and protective activity of glutathione (GSH) from free radicals generated by high voltage-stimulation in plasma micro/nano bubble water were studied. Finally, the anti-inflammatory activity on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) release was performed in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophage cells.
Results: One hundred grams star fruit extract showed total phenolic compounds as 5.12±0.24 µg of gallic acid, total flavonoids as 0.185±0.008 µg of quercetin and 5.24±0.55 µg of ascorbic acid. One gram of Star fruit extract, equal to 722.71±12.25 µg of gallic acid (GAE), showed radical scavenging activity on ABTS●+. Star fruit extract (27.48±1.8 µg of IC50), standard gallic (24.28±2.6 µg of IC50) and ascorbic acid (54.98±2.5 µg of IC50) also showed radical scavenging activity on NO, respectively. Whereas Star fruit extract also scavenged free radicals generated by 10 min of high voltage (HV) stimulation in micro/nano-bubble water, and protected GSH with dose response (125-1,000 µg/mL), in the same way as standard ascorbic acid. Finally, the star fruit extract, and also standard hydrocortisone, had anti-TNF-α releases with dose responses.
Conclusion: The star fruit extract-sweet type has antioxidant activity with phenolic compound, flavonoids, and ascorbic acid, as well as having anti-inflammatory activity.
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