Pesticide exposure-induced Cholinesterase changes among small-scale farmers in Nakhon Ratchasima province
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the different cholinesterase enzymes (Butyry- and acetyl-cholinesterase) and health illnesses between before and after pesticide application among 22 farmers in Phimai district, Nakhon Ratchasima province. A questionnaire was used to collect data by face-to-face interview and Test-mate Cholinesterase Test System (Model 400) was used for cholinesterase enzymes analysis. The finding indicated that farmers were male with an aged average of 49.80 years and graduated from primary school (81.82%). They had a farm average of 15.50 Rais and mostly used insecticides of 81.82% and herbicides of 18.18% for approximately 3 hours per day. The median (±SD) of butyry- and acetyl-cholinesterase enzymes were decreased from 1.60 (±0.31) U/mL to 1.32 (±0.49) U/mL (Normal>1.56) and 3.17 (±0.74) U/mL to 2.72 (±0.55) U/mL (Normal>2.92), respectively. Wilcoxon matched pairs signed-rank test analysis showed that levels of butyry- and acetyl-cholinesterase were significantly different between before and after pesticide application (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively). While, all symptoms of health illnesses were significantly different between before and after pesticide application (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, p<0.05). Therefore, the rising awareness of safety in practices and personal protective equipment selection during pesticide application among farmers should be implement to reduce acute and chronic health effects.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Nganchamung T, Robson MG, Siriwong W. Association between blood cholinesterase activity, organophosphate pesticide residues on hands, and health effects among chili farmers in Ubon Ratchathani province, Northeastern Thailand. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2017;68(2):175-83.
Alavanja MCR. Pesticides use and exposure extensive worldwide. Rev Environ Health. 2009;24(4):303-9.
Colović MB, Krstić DZ, Lazarević-Pašti TD, Bondžić AM, Vasić VM. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: pharmacology and toxicology. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2013;11(3):315-35.
Tsagué Manfo FP, Mboe SA, Nantia EA, Ngoula F, Telefo PB, Moundipa PF, Cho-Ngwa F. Evaluation of the effects of agro pesticides use on liver and kidney function in farmers from Buea, Cameroon. Journal of Toxicology. 2020;(10):1-10.
World Health Organization (WHO). Preventing reventing disease through healthy environment exposure to highly hazardous pesticides: A major public health concern. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2012.
Tawatsin A, Thavara U, Siriyasatien P. Pesticides used in Thailand and toxic effects to human health. Medical Research Archives. 2015;SI(3):1-10.
Bureau of Epidemiology, Department of Disease Control Ministry of Public Health. Annual epidemiological surveillance report [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2020 Oct 30]; Available from: http://www.boe.moph.go.th/Annual/Annual%202552/Main.html
Milhorat AT. The choline-esterase activity of the blood serum in disease. J Clin Invest. 1938;17(5):649-57.
Sombatsawat E, Norkaew S, Siriwong W. Blood cholinesterase level as biomarker of organophosphate and carbamate pesticide exposure effect among rice farmers in Tarnlalord sub-district, Phimai district, Nakhon Ratchasima province, Thailand. J Health Res. 2014;28(Suppl.):S33-40.
Pidgunpai K, Keithmaleesatti S, Siriwong W. Knowledge, attitude and practice associated with cholinesterase level in blood among rice farmers in Chainart province, Thailand. J Health Res. 2014;28(2): 93-9.
Abu-Qare AW. Abou-Donia MB. Inhibition and recovery of maternal and fetal cholinesterase enzyme activity following a single cutaneous dose of methyl parathion and diazinon, alone and in combination, in pregnant rats. Arch Toxicol. 2002;21(4):307-16.
Prager EM, Aroniadou-Anderjaska V, Almeida-Suhett CP, et al. The recovery of acetylcholinesterase activity and the progression of neuropathological and pathophysiological alterations in the rat basolateral amygdala after soman-induced status epilepticus: relation to anxiety-like behavior. Neuropharmacology. 2014;81:64-74.
Pakravan N, Shokrzadeh M, Bari MA, Shadboorestan A. Measurement of cholinesterase enzyme activity before and after exposure to organophosphate pesticides in farmers of a suburb region of Mazandaran, a northern province of Iran. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2016;35(3):297-301.
Kapka-Skrzypczak L, Sawicki K, Czajka M, Turski WA, Kruszewski M. Cholinesterase activity in blood and pesticide presence in sweat as biomarkers of children`s environmental exposure to crop protection chemicals. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2015;22(3):478-82.
Mason HJ. The recovery of plasma cholinesterase and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity in workers after over-exposure to dichlorvos. Occup Med (Lond). 2000;50(5):343-7.
Jakreng C. Physiacal health effects from occupational exposure to natural heat among salt production workers in Samutsongkham province. (Master of sciences degree in occupational medicine), Srinakharinwirot University, Thailand, Graduate School of Srinakharinwirot University. 2010.
Yarpuz-Bozdogan N. The importance of personal protective equipment in pesticide applications in agriculture. Curr Opin Environ Sci Health. 2018;4:1–4
Jaga K, Dharmani C. Ocular toxicity from pesticide exposure: A recent review. Environ Health Prev Med. 2006;11(3):102-7.
Damalas CA, Koutroubas SD. Farmers' exposure to pesticides: toxicity types and ways of prevention. Toxics. 2016;4(1):1-10.
Park EK, Hannaford-Turner K, Lee HJ. Use of personal protective equipment in agricultural workers under hot and humid conditions. Ind Health. 2009;47(2):200-1.
Thamwiriyasati N, Malaiket W, Kanokleardwong K, Wisutti R, Singsanan S. Serum cholinesterase level and its impact on health condition of fresh fruit and vegetable consumers. Journal of Health Science Research. 2019;3(2):52-62.
Meyer-Baron M, Knapp G, Schäper M, van Thriel C. Meta-analysis on occupational exposure to pesticides--neurobehavioral impact and dose-response relationships. Environ Res. 2015;136:234-45.
Wilaiwan W, Siriwong W. Assessment of health effects related to organophosphate pesticides exposure using blood cholinesterase activity as a biomarker in agricultural area at Nakhon Nayok province, Thailand. J Health Res. 2014;28(1):23-30.