THE EFFECTS OF A SUBSTITUTE IN GAME RE-WARM UP PROTOCOLS ON PERFORMANCE MEASURES IN SOCCER PLAYERS
Keywords:
RAST, muscle activation, half-time, CMJ, intermittent team sportsAbstract
This study aimed to compare the effect of two different re-warm-up (RW) protocols on selected performance outcomes in professional soccer players. Thirteen male professional soccer players (age:21.1±0.8 years; height: 1.77±0.04 m; weight: 67.7±6.3 kg; BMI: 22.3±1.8 kg×m2; VO2max: 48±1.7 ml×kg-1×min-1)were recruited to take part in this study. In a randomized counterbalanced crossover fashion, participants completed a simulated substitute soccer routine involving a 20-minute warm-up and 40-minute passive rest followed by either a 2-minute high-intensity interval RW (HI-RW) at 90% VO2max interspersed with 30% VO2max,or a 3-minute continuous low-intensity RW (LO-RW) at 30% VO2max, both performed on a cycle ergometer.Countermovement jump (CMJ) flight time with simultaneous assessment of quadriceps muscle activation using electromyogram (EMG) activity, running anaerobic sprint test (RAST) indices, and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured after the 20-minute warm-up (pre) and post RW timepoints. No significant condition x time interaction was observed for CMJ flight time (p = 0.465) or quadriceps EMG activity in the rectus femoris
(p = 0.263), vastus lateralis (p = 0.129), and vastus medialis (p = 0.262). Similarly, there was no significant interaction effect found for RAST indices (all p>0.05) or RPE (p = 0.355). It is concluded that both HI-RW and LO-RW protocols exerted comparable effects on the measured physiological and performance parameters in soccer players. However, due to the practical advantage of using a 2-minute HI-RW due to the protocol being more time efficient, and thus, more ecologically valid during substitution scenarios, completion of a HI-RW may be considered a more suitable RW option for in-game substitutes.
(Journal of Sports Science and Technology 2024; 24(2):36-46)
(Received: 3 May 2024, Revised: 9 December 2024, Accepted: 12 December 2024)
KEYWORDS: RAST/ muscle activation/ half-time/ CMJ/ intermittent team sports
*Corresponding author: Saiphon KONGKUM
College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, THAILAND
E-mail address: saiphon.kon@mahidol.ac.th
References
Hills SP, Barwood MJ, Radcliffe JN, Cooke CB, Kilduff LP, Cook CJ, et al. Profiling the responses of soccer substitutes: A review of current literature. Sports Med. 2018; 48:2255–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0962-9
Bishop, D. Warm up ii: Performance changes following active warm up and how to structure the warm up. Sports Med. 2003; 483–498. doi:10.2165/00007256- 200333070-00002
McMillian, D. J., Moore, J. H., Hatler, B. S., & Taylor, D. C. Dynamic vs. static-stretching warm up: the effect on power and agility performance. J Strength Cond Res.2006, 20(3), 492-499.
Mohr M, Krustrup P, Bangsbo J. Match performance of high-standard soccer players with special reference to development of fatigue. J Sports Sci. 2003;21(7):519-28.
Russell M, West DJ, Harper LD, Cook CJ, Kilduff LP. Half-time strategies to enhance second-half performance in team-sports players: a review and recommendations. Sports Med. 2015;45(3):353-64.
Mohr, M., Krustrup, P., & Bangsbo, J. (2005). Fatigue in soccer: a brief review. J Sports Sci.2005;23(6),593-599.
Hammami A, Zois J, Slimani M, Russell M, Bouhlel E. The efficacy, and characteristics, of warm-up and re-warm-up practices in soccer players:a systematic review. J Sports Med Physi Fit. 2018.
Silva, L. M., Neiva, H. P., Marques, M. C., Izquierdo, M., & Marinho, D. A. Effects of warm-up, postwarm-up, and re-warm-up strategies on explosive efforts in team sports: A systematic review. Sports Med.2018;48(10), 2285-2299.
Yanaoka T, Hamada, Y, Kashiwabara, K, Kurata, K, Yamamoto, R,Miyashita, M, and, Hirose N. Veryshort- duration, low-intensity half-time re-warm up increases subsequent intermittent sprint performance. J Strength Cond Res.2018; 32, 3258–3266. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002781
Yanaoka, T., Hamada, Y., Fujihira, K., Yamamoto, R., Iwata, R., Miyashita, M., et al. High-intensity cycling Re-warm up within A very short time-frame increases the subsequent intermittent sprint performance. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 2020, 1307–1317. doi:10.1080/17461391.2020.1713901
Yanaoka, T., Kashiwabara, K., Masuda, Y., Yamagami, J., Kurata, K., Takagi, S., ... & Hirose, N. The effect of half-time re-warm up duration on intermittent sprint performance. J. sports sci & med.2018, 17(2), 269.
Yanaoka, T., Iwata, R., Yoshimura, A., and Hirose, N. (2020b). A 1-minute Rewarm up at high-intensity improves sprint performance during the Loughborough intermittent shuttle test. Front. Physiol. 11, 616158.doi:10. 3389/fphys.2020.616158
Mohr, M., Krustrup, P., Nybo, L., Nielsen, J. J., & Bangsbo, J. Muscle temperature and sprint performance during soccer matches–beneficial effect of re-warm-up at half-time. Scand J. Med & Sci Sports.2004, 14(3), 156-162.
Lovell, R. J., Kirke, I., Siegler, J., McNaughton, L. R., & Greig, M. P. Soccer half-time strategy influences thermoregulation and endurance performance. J of sports med and physical fitnes.2007, 47(3), 263.
Bishop D. Warm up I : potential mechanisms and the effects of passive warm up on exercise performance. Sports Med. 2003;33(6):439-54.
McGowan, Courtney J., et al. "Warm-up strategies for sport and exercise: mechanisms and applications." J.Sports med. 2015,45: 1523-1546.
López-Valenciano, A., Moreno-Perez, V., Campo, R. L. D., Resta, R., & Coso, J. D. The Five-substitution Option Enhances Teams’ Running Performance at High Speed in Football. Int J Sports Med.2023, 44(05), 344-351.
Achten, J., Gleeson, M., & Jeukendrup, A. E.. Determination of the exercise intensity that elicits maximal fat oxidation. Med & Sci sports and exercise.2006, 34(1), 92-97.
Krustrup, P., Mohr, M., Steensberg, A., Bencke, J., Kjær, M., & Bangsbo, J Muscle and blood metabolites during a soccer game: implications for sprint performance. Med & Sci sports and exercise.2006,38(6), 1165-1174.
Hills, S. P., Barrett, S., Hobbs, M., Barwood, M. J., Radcliffe, J. N., Cooke, C. B., & Russell, M. Modifying the pre-pitch entry practices of professional soccer substitutes may contribute towards improved movementrelated performance indicators on match-day: A case study. PloS one.2020.15(5), e0232611.
Edholm, P., Krustrup, P., & Randers, M. B. Half-time re-warm up increases performance capacity in male elite soccer players. Scand J.Med & Sci in sports.2015, 25(1), e40-e49.
Chmura, P., Konefał, M., Chmura, J., Kowalczuk, E., Zając, T., Rokita, A., & Andrzejewski, M. Match outcome and running performance in different intensity ranges among elite soccer players. Biol sport.2018;35(2), 197-203.
Blazevich, Anthony J., % Babault N. Post-activation potentiation versus post-activation performance
enhancement in humens: historical perspective, underlying mechanisms, and cirrent issues.Fronts. Physiol.2019,10:1359.
Bishop,D. Warm up I; potential mechanisms and effects of passive warm up on exercise performance.Sports Med.2006.33,439-454
Faude,O ., Koch, T.,& Meyer, T. Stringht sprinting is the most frequent action in goal situations in professional football. J sports sci.2012. 30(7), 625-631.
Van den Tillaar, R., & von Heimburg, E. Comparison of two types of warm-up upon repeated-sprint performance in experienced soccer players. J.Strength Cond. Res.2016.30(8), 2258-2265.
Bangsbo, J, Mohr,M, and Krustrup P. "Physical and metabolic demands of training and match-play in the elite football player." J Sports Sci.2006, 24.07: 665-674.
Patti A , Giustino V, and Hirose N. Effects of an experimental short-time high-intensity warm-up on explosive muscle strength performance in soccer players: A pilot study. Front. Physiol. 2022. 13:984305
Güllich, A., & Schmidtbleicher, D. MVC-induced short-term potentiation of explosive force. New studies in athletics. 1996, 11, 67-84.
Gonzalez F,Samento H, Infantes-Paniagua A. Effects of rewarm-up protocols on the physical performance of soccer players: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Biol Sport. 2023;40(2):335–344.
Stewart, D., Macaluso, A., & De Vito, G. The effect of an active warm-up on surface EMG and muscle performance in healthy humans. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2003, 89, 509-513.
