The Psychological Effects of an Online Psychoeducation Intervention on Stigma, Attitude and Intention toward Help-Seeking among University Students

Main Article Content

Rajitha Menon Arikkatt
Santhosh Ayathupady Mohanan
Shibu Dharmarajan

Abstract

Objectives: This study examined the effectiveness of a single-session online psychoeducation program that aimed to reduce self-stigma, social stigma and enhance attitude and intention toward seeking professional help among Thai university students.


Materials and Methods: The current study employed a quasi-experimental research design that includes a control group (n = 32) and an experimental group (n = 32) with pre- and post-intervention measurements. The participants, undergraduate students majoring in business administration, were selected (February 2022) using the convenience sampling method from a University in Bangkok. Separate one-way ANCOVAs (Analysis of Covariance) were performed for each outcome variable to examine the difference between the groups in their posttest scores while controlling for the corresponding pretest scores.


Results: The results for the variable attitude showed a statistically significant difference in post-intervention scores between the control and experimental conditions, F (1,61) = 7.39, p = .009, partial η2 = .108. Post hoc analysis results indicated that the post-intervention attitude scores were statistically more significant in the experimental condition compared to the control condition (Mdiff = .227, SE = .084, 95% CI [0.060, 0.394], p = .009). However, there were no change in other outcome variables – intention, self-stigma and social stigma.


Conclusion: The online psychoeducation intervention examined in this study indicated positive changes in the participants’ attitude towards seeking professional help while it did not have any effect on stigma and intention. 

Article Details

Section
Original article (นิพนธ์ต้นฉบับ)
Author Biographies

Santhosh Ayathupady Mohanan, Assumption University of Thailand

Lecturer, Graduate School of Human Sciences

Shibu Dharmarajan, Assumption University of Thailand

Lecturer, Graduate School of Human Sciences.

References

Mental disorders [Internet]. Fact Sheets. World Health Organization; [cited 2022Dec17]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders

Mental health [Internet]. Health Topics. World Health Organization; [cited 2022Dec17]. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/mental-health#tab=tab_1

Thai youth more at risk of suicide, says Department of Mental Health. Prachatai English [Internet]. 2019Jun14 [cited 2022Dec22]; Available from: https://prachataienglish.com/print/8100

Arunpongpaisal S, Assanagkornchai S, Chongsuvivatwong V, Jampathong N. Time-series analysis of trends in the incidence rates of successful and attempted suicides in Thailand in 2013–2019 and their predictors. BMC psychiatry. 2022 Dec;22(1):1-1.

Abrams Z. Student Mental Health is in crisis. campuses are rethinking their approach [Internet]. Monitor on Psychology. American Psychological Association; [cited 2022Dec20]. Available from: https://www.apa.org/monitor/2022/10/mental-health-campus-care

Lipson SK, Zhou S, Abelson S, Heinze J, Jirsa M, Morigney J, Patterson A, Singh M, Eisenberg D. Trends in college student mental health and help-seeking by race/ethnicity: Findings from the national healthy minds study, 2013–2021. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2022 Jun 1;306:138-47.

Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of general psychiatry. 2005 Jun 1;62(6):593-602.

Beiter R, Nash R, McCrady M, Rhoades D, Linscomb M, Clarahan M, Sammut S. The prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and stress in a sample of college students. Journal of affective disorders. 2015 Mar 1;173:90-6.

Furr SR, Westefeld JS, McConnell GN, Jenkins JM. Suicide and depression among college students: A decade later. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 2001;32(1):97–100.

Weitzman ER. Poor mental health, depression, and associations with alcohol consumption, harm, and abuse in a national sample of young adults in college. The Journal of nervous and mental disease. 2004 Apr 1;192(4):269-77.

Shea M, Yeh C. Asian American students' cultural values, stigma, and relational self-construal: Correlates of attitudes toward professional help seeking. Journal of Mental Health Counseling. 2008 Apr 1;30(2):157-72.

Taylor-Rodgers E, Batterham PJ. Evaluation of an online psychoeducation intervention to promote mental health help seeking attitudes and intentions among young adults: randomised controlled trial. Journal of affective disorders. 2014 Oct 15;168:65-71.

Gulliver A, Griffiths KM, Christensen H. Perceived barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking in young people: a systematic review. BMC psychiatry. 2010 Dec;10(1):1-9.

Guo S, Nguyen H, Weiss B, Ngo VK, Lau AS. Linkages between mental health need and help-seeking behavior among adolescents: Moderating role of ethnicity and cultural values. Journal of counseling psychology. 2015 Oct;62(4):682.

Vogel DL, Wade NG, Haake S. Measuring the self-stigma associated with seeking psychological help. Journal of counseling psychology. 2006 Jul;53(3):325.

Cheng HL, McDermott RC, Lopez FG. Mental health, self-stigma, and help-seeking intentions among emerging adults: An attachment perspective. The Counseling Psychologist. 2015 Apr;43(3):463-87.

Vogel DL, Wade NG, Hackler AH. Perceived public stigma and the willingness to seek counseling: The mediating roles of self-stigma and attitudes toward counseling. Journal of counseling psychology. 2007 Jan;54(1):40.

Pitakchinnapong N, Rhein D. Exploration of the causation of stigmatization of mental illness in Thailand: perceptions of Thai university students. Human Behavior Development and Society. 2019;20(2):7-19.

Mojaverian T, Hashimoto T, Kim HS. Cultural differences in professional help seeking: A comparison of japan and the U.S. Frontiers in Psychology. 2013;3.

Wong-Anuchit C, Mills AC, Schneider JK, Rujkorakarn D, Kerdpongbunchote C, Panyayong

B. Internalized stigma of mental illness scale-Thai version: translation and assessment of psychometric properties among psychiatric outpatients in central Thailand. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 2016 Aug 1;30(4):450-6.

Pramukti I, Strong C, Sitthimongkol Y, Setiawan A, Pandin MG, Yen CF, Lin CY, Griffiths MD, Ko NY. Anxiety and suicidal thoughts during the COVID-19 pandemic: cross-country comparative study among Indonesian, Taiwanese, and Thai University students. Journal of medical Internet research. 2020 Dec 24;22(12):e24487.

Griffiths KM, Christensen H, Jorm AF, Evans K, Groves C. Effect of web-based depression literacy and cognitive–behavioural therapy interventions on stigmatising attitudes to depression: Randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2004 Oct;185(4):342-9.

Donker T, Griffiths KM, Cuijpers P, Christensen H. Psychoeducation for depression, anxiety and psychological distress: a meta-analysis. BMC medicine. 2009 Dec;7(1):1-9.

Thompson A, Hunt C, Issakidis C. Why wait? Reasons for delay and prompts to seek help for mental health problems in an Australian clinical sample. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology. 2004 Oct;39:810-7.

Kenny DA. A quasi-experimental approach to assessing treatment effects in the nonequivalent control group design. Psychological bulletin. 1975 May;82(3):345.

Mental Health Literacy for Educators. A comprehensive mental health literacy learner resource for pre-service and practicing teachers. 1820 Richmond Road SW Calgary, AB T2T 5C7, Canada. Retrieved 20 August 2020. Available from https://www.teachmentalhealth.org.

Fischer EH, Farina A. Attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help: A shortened form and considerations for research. Journal of college student development. 1995 Jul.

Fischer EH, Turner JI. Orientations to seeking professional help: development and research utility of an attitude scale. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 1970 Aug;35(1p1):79.

Elhai JD, Schweinle W, Anderson SM. Reliability and validity of the attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help scale-short form. Psychiatry research. 2008 Jun 30;159(3):320-9.

Cash, T.F., Begley, P.J., McCown, D.A., & Weise, B.C. (1975). When counselors are heard but not seen: Initial impact of physical attractiveness. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 22, 273-279.

Kelly AE, Achter JA. Self-concealment and attitudes toward counseling in university students. Journal of Counseling Psychology. 1995 Jan;42(1):40.

Yee T, Smith RP. Dimensionality and Reliability of the Intentions to Seeking Counseling Inventory with International Students. Journal of International Students. 2022;12(1):239-57.

Vogel DL, Armstrong PI, Tsai PC, Wade NG, Hammer JH, Efstathiou G, Holtham E, Kouvaraki E, Liao HY, Shechtman Z, Topkaya N. Cross-cultural validity of the Self-Stigma of Seeking Help (SSOSH) scale: Examination across six nations. Journal of counseling psychology. 2013 Apr;60(2):303.

Komiya N, Good GE, Sherrod NB. Emotional openness as a predictor of college students' attitudes toward seeking psychological help. Journal of counseling psychology. 2000 Jan;47(1):138.

Bathje G, Pryor J. The relationships of public and self-stigma to seeking mental health services. Journal of Mental Health Counseling. 2011 Apr 1;33(2):161-76.

Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct [Internet]. American Psychological Association. American Psychological Association; [cited 2022Jan12]. Available from: https://www.apa.org/ethics/code

Laerd Statistics (2017). One-way ANCOVA using SPSS Statistics. Statistical tutorials and software guides. Retrieved from https://statistics.laerd.com/

Gulliver, A., Griffiths, K. M., Christensen, H., & Brewer, J. L. (2012). A systematic review of help-seeking interventions for depression, anxiety and general psychological distress. BMC psychiatry, 12(1), 1-12.

Topkaya N. Gender, Self-Stigma, and Public Stigma in Predicting Attitudes toward Psychological Help-Seeking. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice. 2014;14(2):480-7.

Eisenberg D, Downs MF, Golberstein E, Zivin K. Stigma and help seeking for mental health among college students. Medical Care Research and Review. 2009 Oct;66(5):522-41.

Wendt D, Shafer K. Gender and attitudes about mental health help seeking: results from national data. Health & social work. 2016 Feb 1;41(1):e20-8.

Cheng Q, Xu B, Ng MS, Duan Y, So WK. Effectiveness of psychoeducational interventions among caregivers of patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2022 Mar 1;127:104162.

Setyowibowo H, Yudiana W, Hunfeld JA, Iskandarsyah A, Passchier J, Arzomand H, Sadarjoen SS, de Vries R, Sijbrandij M. Psychoeducation for breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Breast. 2022 Jan 12.

Chillemi K, Abbott JA, Austin DW, Knowles A. A pilot study of an online psychoeducational program on cyberbullying that aims to increase confidence and help-seeking behaviors among adolescents. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 2020 Apr 1;23(4):253-6.

Dueweke AR, Bridges AJ. The effects of brief, passive psychoeducation on suicide literacy, stigma, and attitudes toward help-seeking among Latino immigrants living in the United States. Stigma and Health. 2017 Feb;2(1):28.

Klimes-Dougan B, Klingbeil DA, Meller SJ. The impact of universal suicide-prevention programs on the help-seeking attitudes and behaviors of youths. Crisis. 2013.