Retrospective assessment of routine immunization (RI) accessibility after a decade of intervention in an urban settlement of Nepal
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This longitudinal retrospective study describes the process of urban routine immunization strengthening interventions and reviews the progress for a decade analyzing administrative immunization coverage outcomes in Janakpur Municipality, Nepal.
This intervention was based on local need following available guidelines to improve immunization coverage in Janakpur. The strategies were designed to ensure an effective community involvement through establishing female community health volunteers (FCHVs) network, activation of municipal health unit with human resources, increase immunization service providing sites, improving vaccine and logistics supply mechanism, supportive supervision and monitoring including improved reporting and use of data for action.
Over a decade, the vaccination coverage was improved significantly which shows that the accessibility problem was addressed efficiently, however, to solve the dropout problem is a long-term process. This process invites more efforts through raising awareness and knowledge of parents to improve the utilization of the available services. The high immunity level is highly important to achieve and maintain to develop a protective shield against vaccine-preventable diseases.
Article Details
References
St Andrews Special Collections in Anniversaries MC, Muniments Collection, Rare Book Collection. EDWARD JENNER AND THE SMALLPOX VACCINE WordPress. com: University of St Andrews; 2018
World Health Organization. Vaccines and diseases 2018 [Available from: http://www.who.int/immunization/diseases/en/.
UNICEF/WHO Jnr. 1 in 10 infants worldwide did not receive any vaccinations in 2016. Media centre, WHO. 2017;Sect. Media centre News releases: 2017.
Nations U. World Urbanization Prospects: 2014 Revision, Highlights. New York: United Nations. 2014. https://doi.org/10.18356/e59eddca-en
Baker , Judy L. 2008. Urban poverty : a global view (English). Urban Papers ; no. UP-5. Washington, DC: World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/ curated/en/954511468315832363/Urban-poverty-a-global-view.
Cutts FT. Strategies to improve immunization services in urban Africa. World Health Organization; 1991.
Awoh AB, Plugge E. Immunisation coverage in rural–urban migrant children in low and middle-income countries (LMICs): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2016;70(3):305-11. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2015-205652
Ministry of Health and Population N. National-immunisation-programme Kathmandu: http://www.mohp.gov.np; 2016 [Available from: http://www. mohp.gov.np/content/national-immunisation-programme.
Justice MoLa. LOCAL SELF-GOVERNANCE ACT, 2055 (1999) AN ACT MADE TO PROVIDE FOR LOCAL SELF-GOVERNANCE. In: His Majesty's Government of Nepal MoLaJ, editor. Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board; 1999.
Services DoH. Annual Report 2068/69 (2011/2012). In: Government of Nepal MoHaP, Department of Health Services, editor. Kathmandu: Ministry of Health and Ppulation, Department of Health Services; 2013.
Manch BL. Temples of Mithila New Delh: Bihar Lok Manch; 2017 [Available from: https://www.biharlokmanch.org/cultural-article-24.html.
Wikipedia tfe. Mithila (region): Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.; 2018
Wikipedia. Janakpur, Nepal en.wikipedia.org: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia; 2018 [Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Janakpur,_Nepal.
GeoHack - Janakpur N. Global/Trans-national services, Wikimedia maps tools.wmflabs.org: GeoHack; 2018
Statistics CBo. National Population and Housing Census 2011 (Village Development Committee/Municipality). In: Secretariat NPC, editor. National Population and Housing Census. Kathmandu: Government of Nepal; 2012.
National Immunization Program N. Reaching Every Child, Comprehensive Multi-Year Plan 2068-2072 (2011- 2016) In: Services DoH, editor. Kathmandu: Ministry of Health & Population, Nepal; 2011.
FCHV Section F. National FCHV Program Revised Strategy Kathmandu: HMG/N FHD, MOH; 2003.
Department of Health Services MD. Health Management Information Systems (HMIS) Kathmandu: GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL, MINISTRY OF HEALTH, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH SERVICES, MANAGEMENT DIVISION; 2016 [Available from: http://mddohs.gov.np/en/hmis/.
LAXMI BILAS ACHARYA JC. Maternal and child health services in rural Nepal: does access or quality matter more? health policy and planning, Oxford University Press. 2000;15(2):223-9. https://doi.org/ 10.1093/heapol/15.2.223
MoHP FHD. FCHV Kathmandu: MoHP, Family Health Division; 2016 [Available from: http://www.fhd.gov. np/index.php/en/2014-03-21-09-41-44/fchv.
Khatri RB, Mishra SR, Khanal V. Female Community Health Volunteers in Community-Based Health Programs of Nepal: Future Perspective. Frontiers in Public Health. 2017;5:181. https:// doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00181
Services DoH. Annual Report 2009-2010. Kathmandu: Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Goverment of Nepal; 2011.
Services DoH. Annual Report 2010-2011. Kathmandu: Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Goverment of Nepal; 2012.
Services DoH. Annual Report 2069/70 (2012/2013). Kathmandu: Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Goverment of Nepal; 2014.
Services DoH. Annual Report 2013-2014. Kathmandu: Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Goverment of Nepal; 2015.
Services DoH. Annual Report 2014-2015. Kathmandu: Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Goverment of Nepal; 2016.
Services DoH. Annual Report 2015-2016. Kathmandu: Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Goverment of Nepal; 2017.
Acharya K, Paudel YR, Dharel D. The trend of full vaccination coverage in infants and inequalities by wealth quintile and maternal education: analysis from four recent demographic and health surveys in Nepal. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1). https:// doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7995-3
Vandelaer J, Bilous J, Nshimirimana D. Reaching Every District (RED) approach: a way to improve immunization performance. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2008;86(3):A-B. https://doi.org/ 10.2471/BLT.07.042127
Haji A, Lowther S, Ngan’ga Z, Gura Z, Tabu C, Sandhu H, et al. Reducing routine vaccination dropout rates: evaluating two interventions in three Kenyan districts, 2014. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:152. https://doi.org/ 10.1186/s12889-016-2823-5
Reaching Every District (RED), 2017 revision. Brazzaville: World Health Organization; 2017. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO
Nelson KN, Wallace AS, Sodha SV, Daniels D, Dietz V. Assessing strategies for increasing urban routine immunization coverage of childhood vaccines in low and middle-income countries: A systematic review of peer-reviewed literature. Vaccine. 2016;34(46):5495-503. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.09.038
Loving S. Herd immunity (Herd protection) University of Oxford, OX3 7LE: Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital; 2016 [Available from: http://vk.ovg.ox.ac.uk/herd-immunity.
Services DoH. Annual Report 2073/74 (2016/17). In: (DoHS) DoHS, editor. Kathmandu: Government of Nepal, Ministry of Health and Population; 2018.
National immunization Programme and EPI schedule of Nepal 2016 [Available from: http://publichealthinnepal. blogspot. com/2016/06/national-immunization-programme-and-epi.html.
Ozawa S CS, Portnoy A, Grewal S, Brenzel L, Walker D.G. . Return On Investment From Childhood Immunization In Low- And Middle-Income Countries, 2011–20. Health Affairs. 2016;35(2):199-207. https:// doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2015.1086
GAVI. PUBLIC HEALTH'S 'BEST BUY': GAVI; 2017 [Available from: https://www.gavi.org/about/value/cost-effective/.
Nepal Go. The Constitution of Nepal. Kathmandu: Ministry of law, justice and parliamentary affairs; 2015.