Effectiveness of Covid-19 Vaccine against Covid-19 Infection in Omicron Pandemic Period of Nakhon Phanom Provincial Hospital, Thailand: A Test-negative design Study
Keywords:
Effectiveness, Vaccine, COVID-19, Test-negative designAbstract
Background: Since the rollout of COVID-19 vaccines, the test-negative design has become a common method to estimate the real-world vaccine effectiveness (VE) of COVID-19 vaccines, to find information to use in making decisions in public health in the real world situation.
Methods: Analysis of vaccine effectiveness from database of patients receiving treatment at Nakhon Phanom Hospital who had symptoms and were tested for COVID-19 by RT-PCR (Real-time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction) with a test-negative design to compare the chances of testing finding the cause of COVID-19 in people who have been vaccinated and who have not been vaccinated against COVID-19. To find the effectiveness of the vaccine using the formula VE (vaccine effectiveness) = (1 - adjusted Odds ratio) x 100 with control of confounding variables by weighted propensity score for vaccination. We estimate VE value based on numbers of doses and type of vaccine. Statistical significance level set at p-value < 0.05
Results: During the COVID-19 outbreak of Omicron-predominant periods (January 2022 - September 2023), there were 44,714 patients receiving treatment at Nakhon Phanom Hospital and received RT-PCR tests. Of those, 18,261 patients (41%) received the COVID-19 vaccine. Most patients were female (60%), had an average age of 43 years, and 12% had underlying health conditions. RT-PCR results found 10,166 SAR-CoV-2 infections (23%). Patients in RT-PCR tests positive group, 71% received the vaccine, and RT-PCR tests negative was found in 34,548 patients. In this group, 81% received the vaccine. Those patients who received 4 doses of vaccine found the effectiveness of the vaccine to against disease to be greater than those who received 3 doses or less, VE = 72% (95% confidential interval, CI; 70%, 73%). VE get higher in people aged 60 years and over compared to those aged 18-59 years, VE = 83% (95% CI; 77%, 87%) and 70% (95% CI; 68%, 82%), respectively. Those who received two doses of the vaccine, either the same type or a different type, VE were less than 50% effectiveness at against infection, while the inactivated booster vaccine had a high effectiveness in 62%
Conclusions: Our result showed receiving vaccine more doses will increase VE against covid-19 infection, especially booster dose received. However, In the future, more specific studies should be conducted, to see the effectiveness of various types of vaccines.
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เกรียงไกร ประเสริฐ, สุทธิชัย นักผูก, สุริยา เนาศรี, ณิชารีย์ บำเพ็ญศิลป์, กัลยา ศรวงค์, ณัฎฐ์ฏาพร ศรีประดิษฐ์. (2565). ประสิทธิผลของวัคซีนป้องกันโควิด-19 ในช่วงการระบาดของเดลต้าและโอไมครอนในประเทศไทย: การวิเคราะห์ด้วย Test-negative design แบบถ่วงน้ำหนักคะแนนแนวโน้ม (propensity-score weighting) วารสารโรงพยาบาลนครพนม. 10(3): 1-21.
สุมลรัตน์ และ ผจญภัย. (2566). ประสิทธิผลของวัคซีนป้องกันโรคโควิด-19 ในการป้องกันการติดเชื้อ และภาวะปอดอักเสบ จากการติดเชื้อของอำเภอพรหมคีรี นครศรีธรรมราช. วารสารศาสตร์สุขภาพและการศึกษา 3(1): 45-67.
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