The perceived stigma towards leprosy and tuberculosis of health personnel in Chaiyaphum Province
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14456/dcj.2017.20Keywords:
leprosy, tuberculosis, stigmaAbstract
This cross-sectional survey was conducted to study the perceived stigma towards leprosy and tuberculosis of health personnel. The study populations were 236 health personnel working at sub-district health promotion hospitals and district hospitals of 4 districts in Chaiyaphum Province. Sample size was selected by convenience sampling method. EMIC stigma scale was used to collect the data which was later analyzed using a software package. A frequency distribution was used to determine the percentage of health personnel who had perceived stigma and the percentage of each item. A paired t-test was used to compare the EMIC score of health personnel regarding leprosy and tuberculosis. Logistic regression analysis was used to find the association between personal factors and perceived stigma. It was found that there was no association between personal factors and perceived stigma. Health personnel had perceived stigma towards both leprosy and tuberculosis. They had more perceived stigma towards leprosy than tuberculosis in most aspects accept avoidance and causing troubles to others. The difference was highly significant (p=0.000, paired t-test). Even perceived stigma towards leprosy is higher than that towards tuberculosis, but the perceived stigma towards tuberculosis is also high. The authors suggest arranging a training or refreshing course for health personnel, providing knowledge regarding leprosy and tuberculosis to the community members, conducting further study investigating the effects of stigma on people affected by leprosy or tuberculosis, and conducting a survey to find the causes and measure stigma towards both diseases in leprosy and tuberculosis prevalent area and develop de-stigmatizing intervention if stigma is found.
References
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24. World Health Organization. TB situation by country [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2017 Apr 26]. Available from: http://www.who.int/tb/coun¬try/en/
25. World Health Organization. High TB burden country lists 2016-2020 [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2017 Apr 29]. Available from: http://www. who.int/tb/publications/global_report/high_tb_ burdencountrylists2016-2020.pdf
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27. Srisak N. The disease that cripples: Leprosy, reaction and compliance in Northern Thailand. [Ph.D. thesis]. Brisbane: University of Queensland; 1997.
28. Lemeshow S, Hosmer D, Klar J, Lwanga SK. Adequacy of sample size in health studies. Chichester, England: John Wiley& Sons Ltd. for World Health Organization; 1990.
29. Weiss MG, Doongaji DR, Siddhartha S, Wypij D, Pathare S, Bhatawdekar M, et al. The Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC). Contribution to cross-cultural research methods from a study of leprosy and mental health. Br J Psychiatry 1992;160:819-30.
30. van Brakel WH. Measuring health-related stigma--a literature review. Psychol Health Med 2006;11:307-34.
31. Wu IC. Knowledge and attitudes of health care workers towards tuberculosis patients and the experiences of tuberculosis patients regarding health care workers in Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, South India. Amsterdam; Vu University: 2010.
32. ศิรามาศ รอดจันทร์, ศิลธรรม เสริมฤทธิรงค์, พจนา ธัญญกิตติกุล, นพพร ศรีคำบ่อ, เพชรรัตน์ อรุณ ภาคมงคล, ภัสราภรณ์ แก้วไทรนันท์, และคณะ. การสำรวจความพิการปัญหาทางเศรษฐกิจและสังคม ในผู้ประสบปัญหาจากโรคเรื้อน จังหวัดกาญจนบุรี. วารสารควบคุมโรค 2554;37:186-96.
33. Weiss MG, Ramakrishna J, Somma D. Health -related stigma: rethinking concepts and inter¬ventions. Psychol Health Med 2006;11: 277- 87.
34. ILEP. Guideline to reduce stigma: Guide 1. London and Amsterdam: The International Fed¬eration of Anti-Leprosy Association (ILEP) and the Netherlands Leprosy Relief (NLR); 2011.
35. วีณา พริ้มแก้ว, จิตต์ลัดดา สุภานันท์, แสงระวี รัศมีแจ่ม, ศิริโฉม ณ สงขลา, วิจิตรา ธารีสุวรรณ. พฤติกรรมที่ส่งผลต่อการตีตราในโรคเรื้อนใน อำเภอนาดูน จังหวัดมหาสารคาม. วารสารวิชาการ สคร.5 นครราชสีมา 2555;18:7-21.
36. Soonthorndhana A, Vorasiriamon Y, Theobald S, Smith H. Community perception and experi¬ences of TB in Kancanaburi, Thailand: A gender equity analysis. Study report: Institute for Pop¬ulation and Social Research, Mahidol University. Bangkok. Internet 2000 [cited 2013 Jul 2]; 340
Available from URL: http://www.ipsr.mahidol. ac.th/ipsr-th/download_Publication¬Book/2547/287.pdf
37. Sermrittirong S, van Brakel WH. Stigma in leprosy: concepts, causes and determinants. Lepr Rev 2014;85:36-47.
38. Ngamvithayapong J, Winkvist A, Diwan V. High AIDS awareness may cause tuberculosis patient delay: results from an HIV epidemic area, Thailand. AIDS 2000;14:1413-9.
39. คม ชัด ลึก. ‘ณัฐวุฒิ’ อัดกลับ ‘ธีรยุทธ์’ เป็นพวก ขี้ทูต [อินเทอร์เน็ต]. [สืบค้นเมื่อ 15 ต.ค. 2556]. แหล่งข้อมูล: www.komchadluek.net/news/ polotic/170528
40. Navon L. Beggars, metaphors, and stigma: a missing link in the social history of leprosy. Soc Hist Med 1998;11:89-105.
41. Predaswat P. Khi Thut, The disease of social loathing. An anthropology of the stigma in rural Northeast Thailand [Ph.D. thesis]. Oakland: University of California; 1992.
42. สงกรานต์ ภู่พุกก์, คงพร คุปตาภา, สินชัย คเชนทร์, จันทนา รัตนดิลก ณ ภูเก็ต. การพัฒนารูปแบบการ ฟื้นฟูสภาพผู้ประสบปัญหาจากโรคเรื้อนโดยชุมชน. วารสารโรคติดต่อ 2543;26:160-9.
43. Sermrittirong S, van Brakel WH, Rodchan S, Nuncho S, Bunders-Aelen JFG. Assessing the attitudes and perceptions of community members and health workers towards leprosy stigma. Int J Trop Dis Health 2015;5:11-24.
2. Arole S, Premkumar R, Arole R, Maury M, Saunderson P. Social stigma: a comparative qualitative study of integrated and vertical care approaches to leprosy. Lepr Rev 2002;73: 186-96.
3. Rafferty J. Curing the stigma of leprosy. Lepr Rev 2005;76:119-26.
4. Alubo O, Patrobas P, Varkevisser C, Lever P. Gender, leprosy and leprosy control: A case study in Plateau State, Nigeria. Amsterdam: KIT; 2003.338
5. Idawani C, Yulizar M, Lever P, Varkevisser C. Gender, leprosy and leprosy control: A case study in Aceh, Indonesia. Amsterdam: KIT; 2002.
6. Moreira T, Varkevisser C. Gender, leprosy and leprosy control: A case study in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Amsterdam: KIT; 2002.
7. Burathoki K, Varkevisser C, Lever P, Vink M, Sitaula N. Gender, leprosy and leprosy control: A case study in the far west and eastern development region, Nepal. Amsterdam: KIT; 2004.
8. Heijnders ML. The dynamics of stigma in leprosy. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 2004;72:437- 47.
9. Boonmongkon P. Khi thut: The Disease of Social Loathing: An anthropological study of the stigma of leprosy in rural North-East Thailand. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1994.
10. Nontanum B. Social-Psyco problem of self-iso¬lating leprosy patients. Nakhon Sawan, Thailand: Office of Disease Prevention and Control Region 8, Nakhon Sawan; 2008.
11. อุรัตน์ สีนวล. การตีตราต่อผู้ประสบปัญหาจาก โรคเรื้อนในอำเภอไชยา จังหวัดสุราษฎร์ธานี. การประชุมเชิงปฏิบัติการเครือข่ายฟื้นฟูสภาพผู้ ประสบปัญหาจากโรคเรื้อน; วันที่ 24-25 สิงหาคม 2553; ภูวนาลี รีสอร์ท, นครราชสีมา. นนทบุรี: 2553. หน้า. 5-6.
12. Sermrittirong S, van Brakel WH, Bunders-Aelen JFG, Kraipui N, Traithip S. Comparing the perception of community members towards leprosy and tuberculosis stigmatisation. Lepr Rev 2015;86:54-61.
13. Nicholls PG, Wiens C, Smith WC. Delay in presentation in the context of local knowledge and attitude towards leprosy--the results of qualitative fieldwork in Paraguay. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 2003;71:198-209.
14. de Stigter DH, de GL, Heynders ML. Leprosy: between acceptance and segregation. Community behaviour towards persons affected by leprosy in eastern Nepal. Lepr Rev 2000;71:492-8.
15. Gelaw M, Genebo T, Dejene A, Lemma E, Eyob C. Attitude and social consequences of tuberculoss in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. East Afr Med J 2001; 78:382-8.
16. Dodor EA, Kelly S. ‘We are afraid of them’: Attitudes and behaviours of community members towards tuberculosis in Ghana and implications for TB control efforts. Psychology, Health & Medicine 2009;14:170-9.
17. Sengupta S, Pungrassami P, Balthip Q, Strauss R, Kasetjaroen Y, Chongsuvivatwong V, et al. Social impact of tuberculosis in southern Thailand: views from patients, care providers and the com¬munity. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2006;10:1008- 12.
18. Jittimanee SX, Nateniyom S, Kittikraisak W, Burapat C, Akksilp S, Chumpathat N, et al. Social stigma and knowledge of tuberculosis and HIV among patients with both diseases in Thailand. PLoS One 2009;4:e6360.
19. Baral SC, Karki DK, Newell JN. Causes of stigma and discrimination associated with tuberculosis in Nepal: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2007;7:211.
20. World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia. Global Strategy 2016-2020 [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2017 Apr 22]. Available from: http://www.searo.who.int/entity/global_ leprosy_programme/documents/global_leprosy_ strategy_2020/en/ 339
21. World Health Organization. The End TB Strategy [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2017 Apr 22]. Available from: http://www.who.int/tb/post2015_TB strategy. pdf?ua=1
22. World Health Organization. Guidelines for Social Mobilization: A human rights approach to tuber¬culosis [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2017 Apr 22]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/ bitstream/10665/66701/1/WHO_CDS_ STB_2001.9.pdf
23. Raj Pracha Samasai Institute. 2015 leprosy situation. Nonthaburi; Raj Pracha Samasai Institute: 2016.
24. World Health Organization. TB situation by country [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2017 Apr 26]. Available from: http://www.who.int/tb/coun¬try/en/
25. World Health Organization. High TB burden country lists 2016-2020 [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2017 Apr 29]. Available from: http://www. who.int/tb/publications/global_report/high_tb_ burdencountrylists2016-2020.pdf
26. Raj Pracha Samasai Institute. Leprosy situation. Nonthaburi; Raj Pracha Samasai Institute: 2015.
27. Srisak N. The disease that cripples: Leprosy, reaction and compliance in Northern Thailand. [Ph.D. thesis]. Brisbane: University of Queensland; 1997.
28. Lemeshow S, Hosmer D, Klar J, Lwanga SK. Adequacy of sample size in health studies. Chichester, England: John Wiley& Sons Ltd. for World Health Organization; 1990.
29. Weiss MG, Doongaji DR, Siddhartha S, Wypij D, Pathare S, Bhatawdekar M, et al. The Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC). Contribution to cross-cultural research methods from a study of leprosy and mental health. Br J Psychiatry 1992;160:819-30.
30. van Brakel WH. Measuring health-related stigma--a literature review. Psychol Health Med 2006;11:307-34.
31. Wu IC. Knowledge and attitudes of health care workers towards tuberculosis patients and the experiences of tuberculosis patients regarding health care workers in Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, South India. Amsterdam; Vu University: 2010.
32. ศิรามาศ รอดจันทร์, ศิลธรรม เสริมฤทธิรงค์, พจนา ธัญญกิตติกุล, นพพร ศรีคำบ่อ, เพชรรัตน์ อรุณ ภาคมงคล, ภัสราภรณ์ แก้วไทรนันท์, และคณะ. การสำรวจความพิการปัญหาทางเศรษฐกิจและสังคม ในผู้ประสบปัญหาจากโรคเรื้อน จังหวัดกาญจนบุรี. วารสารควบคุมโรค 2554;37:186-96.
33. Weiss MG, Ramakrishna J, Somma D. Health -related stigma: rethinking concepts and inter¬ventions. Psychol Health Med 2006;11: 277- 87.
34. ILEP. Guideline to reduce stigma: Guide 1. London and Amsterdam: The International Fed¬eration of Anti-Leprosy Association (ILEP) and the Netherlands Leprosy Relief (NLR); 2011.
35. วีณา พริ้มแก้ว, จิตต์ลัดดา สุภานันท์, แสงระวี รัศมีแจ่ม, ศิริโฉม ณ สงขลา, วิจิตรา ธารีสุวรรณ. พฤติกรรมที่ส่งผลต่อการตีตราในโรคเรื้อนใน อำเภอนาดูน จังหวัดมหาสารคาม. วารสารวิชาการ สคร.5 นครราชสีมา 2555;18:7-21.
36. Soonthorndhana A, Vorasiriamon Y, Theobald S, Smith H. Community perception and experi¬ences of TB in Kancanaburi, Thailand: A gender equity analysis. Study report: Institute for Pop¬ulation and Social Research, Mahidol University. Bangkok. Internet 2000 [cited 2013 Jul 2]; 340
Available from URL: http://www.ipsr.mahidol. ac.th/ipsr-th/download_Publication¬Book/2547/287.pdf
37. Sermrittirong S, van Brakel WH. Stigma in leprosy: concepts, causes and determinants. Lepr Rev 2014;85:36-47.
38. Ngamvithayapong J, Winkvist A, Diwan V. High AIDS awareness may cause tuberculosis patient delay: results from an HIV epidemic area, Thailand. AIDS 2000;14:1413-9.
39. คม ชัด ลึก. ‘ณัฐวุฒิ’ อัดกลับ ‘ธีรยุทธ์’ เป็นพวก ขี้ทูต [อินเทอร์เน็ต]. [สืบค้นเมื่อ 15 ต.ค. 2556]. แหล่งข้อมูล: www.komchadluek.net/news/ polotic/170528
40. Navon L. Beggars, metaphors, and stigma: a missing link in the social history of leprosy. Soc Hist Med 1998;11:89-105.
41. Predaswat P. Khi Thut, The disease of social loathing. An anthropology of the stigma in rural Northeast Thailand [Ph.D. thesis]. Oakland: University of California; 1992.
42. สงกรานต์ ภู่พุกก์, คงพร คุปตาภา, สินชัย คเชนทร์, จันทนา รัตนดิลก ณ ภูเก็ต. การพัฒนารูปแบบการ ฟื้นฟูสภาพผู้ประสบปัญหาจากโรคเรื้อนโดยชุมชน. วารสารโรคติดต่อ 2543;26:160-9.
43. Sermrittirong S, van Brakel WH, Rodchan S, Nuncho S, Bunders-Aelen JFG. Assessing the attitudes and perceptions of community members and health workers towards leprosy stigma. Int J Trop Dis Health 2015;5:11-24.
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2017-09-29
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เสริมฤทธิรงค์ ศ, รอดจันทร์ ศ, อุนรัตน์ โ, ธัญญกิตติกุล พ, พลเดช ช. The perceived stigma towards leprosy and tuberculosis of health personnel in Chaiyaphum Province. Dis Control J [Internet]. 2017 Sep. 29 [cited 2024 Apr. 20];43(3):329-41. Available from: https://he01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/DCJ/article/view/150739
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