Contamination of antibiotic resistant bacteria from toilets, Thon Buri District, Bangkok
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14456/dcj.2018.5Keywords:
toilets, contamination of antibiotic resistant bacteriaAbstract
Aim of this survey research is to study the contamination of antibiotic resistant Coliform bacteria and Staphylococcus from household and public toilets. The bacteria from 100 toilet samples in 5 communi¬ties located in Hirunruchi Sub-District, Thon Buri District, Bangkok, were collected by swab and also susceptibility testing by the disk diffusion susceptibility method. The obtained results showed the number of 120 and 110 coliform bacteria and 52 and 63 Staphylococcus from the household and public toilets were isolated, respectively. There were statistically significant associations between patterns of antibiotic resistance and toilet types (p<0.001), the percentage of antibiotic resistance isolated from household toilets was less than in the public toilets. The coliform bacteria isolated from household and public toilets showed 4 and 5 patterns while, the Staphylococcus showed 3 and 4 patterns of antibiotic resistance, respectively. This information is especially useful for developing Thai toilets, which affect health and safety of the public as well.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
1. กิจจา จิตรภิรมย์. การประเมินมาตรฐานและการ ปนเปื้อนแบคทีเรียในห้องส้วมสาธารณะ. วารสาร วิทยาศาสตร์ มข. 2556;41:789-96.
2. Nworie A, Ayeni JA, Eze UA, Azi so. Bacterial contamination of door handles/knobs in selected public conveniences in abuja metropolis, Nigeria: a public health threat, C J Med Res 2012;6:7- 11.
3. Giannini MA, Nance D, McCullers JA. Are toilet seats a vector for transmission of methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus? Am J Infect Control 2009;37:505-6.
4. Bartoloni A, Pallecchi L, Benedetti M, Fernandez C, Vallejos Y, Guzman E, et al. Multidrug- resistant commensal Escherichia coll in children, Peru and Bolivia. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12:907-13.
5. Bilal NE, Gedebou M. Clinical and community strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae: multiple and increasing rates of antibiotic resistance in Abha, Saudi Arabia. Br J Biomed Sci 2000;57:185-91.
6. พงษ์พิสุทธิ์ จงอุดมสุข. เชื้อดื้อยาปฏิชีวนะ วิกฤตและทางออกของสังคมไทย. HSRI-Forum 2555; 1:1-6.
7. Anthony RB, Gabriele C, Siritron S, John BB, Frederick MA, Terence IM, et al. Conjugating berberine to a multidrug resistance pump Inhibi¬tor creates an effective antimicrobial. ASC ChemBiol 2006;1:594-600.
8. Hasan MZ, Zinat M, Mamun R. Intergenic and intragenic conjugal transfer of multiple antibiotic resistance determinants among bacteria in the aquatic environment of Bangladesh. Ah' J Biotechnol 2009;8:155-60.
9. Bonten MJ, Austin DJ, Lipsitch M. Understanding the spread of antibiotic resistant pathogens in hospitals: mathematical models as tools for control. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:1739-46.
10. Girou E, Legrand p, Soing-Altrach S, Lemire A, Poulain c, Allaire A, et al. Association between hand hygiene compliance and methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus prevalence in a French rehabilitation hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006;27:1128-30.
11. Pittet D, Hugonnet S, Harbarth S, Mourouga p, Sauvan V, Touveneau S, et al. Effectiveness of a hospital-wide programme to improve compliance with hand hygiene. Infection Control Programme. Lancet 2000;356:1307-12.
12. Swoboda SM, Earsing K, Strauss K, Lane S, Lipsett PA. Electronic monitoring and voice prompts improve hand hygiene and decrease nosocomial infections in an intermediate care unit. Crit Care Med 2004;32:358-63.
13. Thomas, CM. The Horizontal gene pool: bacterial plasmids and gene spread. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers; 2000.
14. กรุงเทพมหานคร. สภาพพื้นที่ทั่วไปเขตธนบุรี [อินเทอรเน็ต]. [สืบคนเมื่อ 27 เม.ย. 2558], แหล่ง ข้อมูล: http://www.bangkok.go.th/upload/user/ 0000006 2/about/gio/03066 83.pdf
15. สภาองค์กรชุมชนกรุงเทพมหานคร. ข้อมูลพื้นฐาน เขตธนบุรี [อินเทอร์เน็ต]. [สืบค้นเมื่อ 10 ม.ค. 2559], แหล่งข้อมูล: http://coc.nida.ac.th/node/7799
16. Reynolds KA, Watt PM, Boone SA, Gerba CP. Occurrence of bacteria and biochemical markers on public surfaces. Hygiene of environmental surfaces. Int J Environ Health Res 2005;15:225-34.
17. Barrow IG, Feltham AKR. Cowan and steel’s manual for the identification of medical bacteria. 3rd ed. Cambridge: University of Cambridge; 1993.
18. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). M100-S15 Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 15th ed. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2005.
19. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). M100-S15 Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 26th ed. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2016.
20. Mendes MF, Lynch DJ. A bacteriological survey of washrooms and toilets. J Hyg (Lond) 1976; 76:183-90.
21. เทิดศักดิ์ ศรีอ่อน, กาญจนา นาถะพินธุ. ชนิดและปริมาณเชื้อจุลินทรีย์บนพื้นผิวอุปกรณ์ในโรงพยาบาล ชุมชนโนนลัง และโรงพยาบาลหนองบัวลำภู จังหวัดหนองบัวลำภู. วารสารโรงพยาบาลมหาสารคาม 2558; 13:69-80.
22. Denise IK, Carlos EE, Charles PG. Enteric bacterial contamination of public rest-rooms [Internet], [cited 2012 Nov 10]. Available from: http://www.ciriscience.org/a_6 7- Enteric BacterialContaminationof_Public_Restrooms
23. Gilbaugh JH Jr, Fuchs PC. The gonococcus and the toilet seat. N Engl J Med 1979;301:91-3.
24. Kaper JB, Nataro JP, Mobley HL. Pathogenic Escherichia coll. Nat Rev Microbiol 2004;2: 123-40.
25. Russo TA, Johnson JR. Proposal for a new in¬clusive designation for extraintestinal pathogenic isolates of Escherichia coli: ExPEC. J Infect Dis 2000;181:1753-4.
26. กิจจา จิตรภิรมย์, วชิระ สิงหะคเชนทร์. รูปแบบการ ดื้อยาปฏิชีวนะของแบคทีเรียที่แยกได้จากสุขา สาธารณะ. วารสารวิทยาศาสตร์ มข. 2557;42: 561-70.
27. Falagas ME, Karageorgopoulos DE. Pandrug Resistance (PDR), extensive drug resistance (XDR), and multidrug resistance (MDR) among Gram-negative bacilli: need for international harmonization in terminology. Clin Infet Dis 2008;46:1121-2.
28. Blaak H, Lynch G, Italiaander R, Hamidjaja RA, Schets FM, de Roda Husman AM. Multi- drug-resistant and extended spectrum beta-lact¬amase-producing Escherichia coll in Dutch surface water and wastewater. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127752.
29. Biswas K, Paul D, Sinha SN. Prevalence of multiple antibiotic-resistant Coliform bacteria in the water of liver Ganga. Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology 2015;1:44-6.
30. Luczkiewicz A, Jankowska K, Fudala-Ksi^zek S, Olanczuk-Neyman K. Antimicrobial resis¬tance of fecal indicators in municipal wastewater treatment plant. Water Res 2010;44:5089-97.
31. Reeves RL, Grant SB, Mrse RD, Copil Oancea CM, Sanders BF, Boehm AB. Sealing and man¬agement of fecal indicator bacteria in runoff from a coastal urban watershed in Southern California. Environ Sci Technol 2004;38:2637-48.
32.Sayah RS, Kaneene JB, Johnson Y, Miller R. Patterns of antimicrobial resistance observed in Escherichia coll isolates obtained from domestic and wild-animal fecal samples, human septage, and surface water. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005;71:1394-404.
33. Mooljuntee S, Chansiripornchai P, Chansiriporn- chai N. Prevalence of the cellular and molecular antimicrobial resistance against E. coll isolated from Thai broilers. Thai J Vet Med 2010;40: 311-5.
34. Kuljinder K, Kahlon RS. Multi-drug resistance in indicator bacteria: Coliforms and Escherichia coll isolated from ready to eat food samples. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 2014;3:465-88.
35. นิตยา อินทราวัฒนา, มุทิตา วนาภรณ์. โรคติดเชื้อ ในโรงพยาบาลและสถานการณ์การดื้อยา. วารสาร การแพทย์และวิทยาศาสตร์สุขภาพ 2558;22:81- 92.
36. Ruppe E, Woerther p, Barbier F. Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacil¬li. Ann Intensive Care [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2017 Apr 5];5:21. Available from: http://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/aiticles/PMC4531117/ pdf/13613_2015_ Article_61.pdf
37. กิจจา จิตรภิรมย์, ปิยะรัตน์ จิตรภิรมย์. ความซุก ของแบคทีเรียกลุ่มโคสิฟอร์มที่สามารถสร้าง เอนไซมขยายการดื้อยาในกลุ่มบีตา-แลคแทม (ESBLs) จากห้องสุขาสาธารณะ. วารสารวิทยาศาสตร์ มข. 2558;43:688-97.
38. ธีรพรรณ ภูมิภมร, อุไม บิลหมัด. การดื้อยาของเชื้อ Staphylococcus aureus ในเนื้อสุกรจากโรงฆ่าสัตว์ ในภาคใต้ของประเทศไทย ระหว่างปี พ.ศ. 2549¬2551. วารสารสถาบันสุขภาพสัตว์แห่งชาติ 2554; 6:1-8.
39. Polwichai P, Dejsirilert S, Panpetch S, Sawan- panyalert P, Aswapokee N, Mootsikapun P. Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coll iso¬lated from urine in Thailand from 2000 to 2005.
J Med Assoc Thai 2009;92 Suppl 4:S59-67.
40.Stefani S, Chung DR, Lindsay JA, Friedrich AW, Kearns AM, Westh H, et al. Meticillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): global epidemiology and harmonisation of typing meth¬ods. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2012;39:273-82.
41. Loomba PS, Taneja J, Misbra B. Methicillin and vancomycin resistant S. aureus in hospitalized patients. J Glob Infect Dis 2010;2:275-83.
42. Brewer JD, Hundley MD, Meves A, Hargreaves J, McEvoy MT, Pittelkow MR. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome and toxic shock syndrome after tooth extraction. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008;59:342-6.
43.1watsuki K, Yamasaki o, Morizane S, Oono T. Staphylococcal cutaneous infection: invasion, evasion and aggression. J Dermatol Sci 2006; 42:203-14.
44,Opere BO, Ojo JO. Antibiotic susceptibility and plasmid profile analysis of pathogenic bacteria isolated from environmental surfaces in public toilets. Transnat J Sci Tech 2013;3:22-30.
45. BarkeJ, Jones MV. The potential spread of infection caused by aerosol contamination of surfaces after flushing a domestic toilet. J Appl Microbiol 2005;99:339-47.
46. Darlow HM, Bale WR. Infective hazards of water-closets. Lancet 1959;l(7084):1196- 200.
47. Barker J, Bloomfield SF. Survival of Salmonella in bathrooms and toilets in domestic homes following salmonellosis. J Appl Microbiol. 2000;89:137-44.
48. Newsom SWB. Microbiology of hospital toilets. Lancet 1972;300:700-3.
49. Winokur PL, Vonstein DL, Hoffman LJ, Uhlen- hopp EK, Doern GV. Evidence for transfer of CMY-2 AmpC B-lactamase plasmids between Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolates from food animals and humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:2716-22.
2. Nworie A, Ayeni JA, Eze UA, Azi so. Bacterial contamination of door handles/knobs in selected public conveniences in abuja metropolis, Nigeria: a public health threat, C J Med Res 2012;6:7- 11.
3. Giannini MA, Nance D, McCullers JA. Are toilet seats a vector for transmission of methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus? Am J Infect Control 2009;37:505-6.
4. Bartoloni A, Pallecchi L, Benedetti M, Fernandez C, Vallejos Y, Guzman E, et al. Multidrug- resistant commensal Escherichia coll in children, Peru and Bolivia. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12:907-13.
5. Bilal NE, Gedebou M. Clinical and community strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae: multiple and increasing rates of antibiotic resistance in Abha, Saudi Arabia. Br J Biomed Sci 2000;57:185-91.
6. พงษ์พิสุทธิ์ จงอุดมสุข. เชื้อดื้อยาปฏิชีวนะ วิกฤตและทางออกของสังคมไทย. HSRI-Forum 2555; 1:1-6.
7. Anthony RB, Gabriele C, Siritron S, John BB, Frederick MA, Terence IM, et al. Conjugating berberine to a multidrug resistance pump Inhibi¬tor creates an effective antimicrobial. ASC ChemBiol 2006;1:594-600.
8. Hasan MZ, Zinat M, Mamun R. Intergenic and intragenic conjugal transfer of multiple antibiotic resistance determinants among bacteria in the aquatic environment of Bangladesh. Ah' J Biotechnol 2009;8:155-60.
9. Bonten MJ, Austin DJ, Lipsitch M. Understanding the spread of antibiotic resistant pathogens in hospitals: mathematical models as tools for control. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:1739-46.
10. Girou E, Legrand p, Soing-Altrach S, Lemire A, Poulain c, Allaire A, et al. Association between hand hygiene compliance and methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus prevalence in a French rehabilitation hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006;27:1128-30.
11. Pittet D, Hugonnet S, Harbarth S, Mourouga p, Sauvan V, Touveneau S, et al. Effectiveness of a hospital-wide programme to improve compliance with hand hygiene. Infection Control Programme. Lancet 2000;356:1307-12.
12. Swoboda SM, Earsing K, Strauss K, Lane S, Lipsett PA. Electronic monitoring and voice prompts improve hand hygiene and decrease nosocomial infections in an intermediate care unit. Crit Care Med 2004;32:358-63.
13. Thomas, CM. The Horizontal gene pool: bacterial plasmids and gene spread. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers; 2000.
14. กรุงเทพมหานคร. สภาพพื้นที่ทั่วไปเขตธนบุรี [อินเทอรเน็ต]. [สืบคนเมื่อ 27 เม.ย. 2558], แหล่ง ข้อมูล: http://www.bangkok.go.th/upload/user/ 0000006 2/about/gio/03066 83.pdf
15. สภาองค์กรชุมชนกรุงเทพมหานคร. ข้อมูลพื้นฐาน เขตธนบุรี [อินเทอร์เน็ต]. [สืบค้นเมื่อ 10 ม.ค. 2559], แหล่งข้อมูล: http://coc.nida.ac.th/node/7799
16. Reynolds KA, Watt PM, Boone SA, Gerba CP. Occurrence of bacteria and biochemical markers on public surfaces. Hygiene of environmental surfaces. Int J Environ Health Res 2005;15:225-34.
17. Barrow IG, Feltham AKR. Cowan and steel’s manual for the identification of medical bacteria. 3rd ed. Cambridge: University of Cambridge; 1993.
18. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). M100-S15 Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 15th ed. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2005.
19. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). M100-S15 Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 26th ed. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2016.
20. Mendes MF, Lynch DJ. A bacteriological survey of washrooms and toilets. J Hyg (Lond) 1976; 76:183-90.
21. เทิดศักดิ์ ศรีอ่อน, กาญจนา นาถะพินธุ. ชนิดและปริมาณเชื้อจุลินทรีย์บนพื้นผิวอุปกรณ์ในโรงพยาบาล ชุมชนโนนลัง และโรงพยาบาลหนองบัวลำภู จังหวัดหนองบัวลำภู. วารสารโรงพยาบาลมหาสารคาม 2558; 13:69-80.
22. Denise IK, Carlos EE, Charles PG. Enteric bacterial contamination of public rest-rooms [Internet], [cited 2012 Nov 10]. Available from: http://www.ciriscience.org/a_6 7- Enteric BacterialContaminationof_Public_Restrooms
23. Gilbaugh JH Jr, Fuchs PC. The gonococcus and the toilet seat. N Engl J Med 1979;301:91-3.
24. Kaper JB, Nataro JP, Mobley HL. Pathogenic Escherichia coll. Nat Rev Microbiol 2004;2: 123-40.
25. Russo TA, Johnson JR. Proposal for a new in¬clusive designation for extraintestinal pathogenic isolates of Escherichia coli: ExPEC. J Infect Dis 2000;181:1753-4.
26. กิจจา จิตรภิรมย์, วชิระ สิงหะคเชนทร์. รูปแบบการ ดื้อยาปฏิชีวนะของแบคทีเรียที่แยกได้จากสุขา สาธารณะ. วารสารวิทยาศาสตร์ มข. 2557;42: 561-70.
27. Falagas ME, Karageorgopoulos DE. Pandrug Resistance (PDR), extensive drug resistance (XDR), and multidrug resistance (MDR) among Gram-negative bacilli: need for international harmonization in terminology. Clin Infet Dis 2008;46:1121-2.
28. Blaak H, Lynch G, Italiaander R, Hamidjaja RA, Schets FM, de Roda Husman AM. Multi- drug-resistant and extended spectrum beta-lact¬amase-producing Escherichia coll in Dutch surface water and wastewater. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127752.
29. Biswas K, Paul D, Sinha SN. Prevalence of multiple antibiotic-resistant Coliform bacteria in the water of liver Ganga. Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology 2015;1:44-6.
30. Luczkiewicz A, Jankowska K, Fudala-Ksi^zek S, Olanczuk-Neyman K. Antimicrobial resis¬tance of fecal indicators in municipal wastewater treatment plant. Water Res 2010;44:5089-97.
31. Reeves RL, Grant SB, Mrse RD, Copil Oancea CM, Sanders BF, Boehm AB. Sealing and man¬agement of fecal indicator bacteria in runoff from a coastal urban watershed in Southern California. Environ Sci Technol 2004;38:2637-48.
32.Sayah RS, Kaneene JB, Johnson Y, Miller R. Patterns of antimicrobial resistance observed in Escherichia coll isolates obtained from domestic and wild-animal fecal samples, human septage, and surface water. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005;71:1394-404.
33. Mooljuntee S, Chansiripornchai P, Chansiriporn- chai N. Prevalence of the cellular and molecular antimicrobial resistance against E. coll isolated from Thai broilers. Thai J Vet Med 2010;40: 311-5.
34. Kuljinder K, Kahlon RS. Multi-drug resistance in indicator bacteria: Coliforms and Escherichia coll isolated from ready to eat food samples. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 2014;3:465-88.
35. นิตยา อินทราวัฒนา, มุทิตา วนาภรณ์. โรคติดเชื้อ ในโรงพยาบาลและสถานการณ์การดื้อยา. วารสาร การแพทย์และวิทยาศาสตร์สุขภาพ 2558;22:81- 92.
36. Ruppe E, Woerther p, Barbier F. Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacil¬li. Ann Intensive Care [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2017 Apr 5];5:21. Available from: http://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/aiticles/PMC4531117/ pdf/13613_2015_ Article_61.pdf
37. กิจจา จิตรภิรมย์, ปิยะรัตน์ จิตรภิรมย์. ความซุก ของแบคทีเรียกลุ่มโคสิฟอร์มที่สามารถสร้าง เอนไซมขยายการดื้อยาในกลุ่มบีตา-แลคแทม (ESBLs) จากห้องสุขาสาธารณะ. วารสารวิทยาศาสตร์ มข. 2558;43:688-97.
38. ธีรพรรณ ภูมิภมร, อุไม บิลหมัด. การดื้อยาของเชื้อ Staphylococcus aureus ในเนื้อสุกรจากโรงฆ่าสัตว์ ในภาคใต้ของประเทศไทย ระหว่างปี พ.ศ. 2549¬2551. วารสารสถาบันสุขภาพสัตว์แห่งชาติ 2554; 6:1-8.
39. Polwichai P, Dejsirilert S, Panpetch S, Sawan- panyalert P, Aswapokee N, Mootsikapun P. Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coll iso¬lated from urine in Thailand from 2000 to 2005.
J Med Assoc Thai 2009;92 Suppl 4:S59-67.
40.Stefani S, Chung DR, Lindsay JA, Friedrich AW, Kearns AM, Westh H, et al. Meticillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): global epidemiology and harmonisation of typing meth¬ods. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2012;39:273-82.
41. Loomba PS, Taneja J, Misbra B. Methicillin and vancomycin resistant S. aureus in hospitalized patients. J Glob Infect Dis 2010;2:275-83.
42. Brewer JD, Hundley MD, Meves A, Hargreaves J, McEvoy MT, Pittelkow MR. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome and toxic shock syndrome after tooth extraction. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008;59:342-6.
43.1watsuki K, Yamasaki o, Morizane S, Oono T. Staphylococcal cutaneous infection: invasion, evasion and aggression. J Dermatol Sci 2006; 42:203-14.
44,Opere BO, Ojo JO. Antibiotic susceptibility and plasmid profile analysis of pathogenic bacteria isolated from environmental surfaces in public toilets. Transnat J Sci Tech 2013;3:22-30.
45. BarkeJ, Jones MV. The potential spread of infection caused by aerosol contamination of surfaces after flushing a domestic toilet. J Appl Microbiol 2005;99:339-47.
46. Darlow HM, Bale WR. Infective hazards of water-closets. Lancet 1959;l(7084):1196- 200.
47. Barker J, Bloomfield SF. Survival of Salmonella in bathrooms and toilets in domestic homes following salmonellosis. J Appl Microbiol. 2000;89:137-44.
48. Newsom SWB. Microbiology of hospital toilets. Lancet 1972;300:700-3.
49. Winokur PL, Vonstein DL, Hoffman LJ, Uhlen- hopp EK, Doern GV. Evidence for transfer of CMY-2 AmpC B-lactamase plasmids between Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolates from food animals and humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:2716-22.
Downloads
Published
2018-03-30
How to Cite
1.
จิตรภิรมย์ ก, ปัทมะ พลยง ฌ, จิตรภิรมย์ ป. Contamination of antibiotic resistant bacteria from toilets, Thon Buri District, Bangkok. Dis Control J [Internet]. 2018 Mar. 30 [cited 2024 Nov. 18];44(1):38-49. Available from: https://he01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/DCJ/article/view/146642
Issue
Section
Original Article
License
Articles published in the Disease Control Journal are considered as academic work, research or analysis of the personal opinion of the authors, not the opinion of the Thailand Department of Disease Control or editorial team. The authors must be responsible for their articles.
.png){kind=logo}
